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Related Concept Videos

General Transcription Factors01:30

General Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
Transcription Factors02:16

Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
Transcription Factors02:16

Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators02:13

Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators

Transcriptional regulators bind to specific cis-regulatory sequences in the DNA to regulate gene transcription. These cis-regulatory sequences are very short, usually less than ten nucleotide pairs in length. The short length means that there is a high probability of the exact same sequence randomly occurring throughout the genome.  Since regulators can also bind to groups of similar sequences, this further increases the chances of random binding. Transcriptional regulators form dimers that...
Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators02:13

Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators

Transcriptional regulators bind to specific cis-regulatory sequences in the DNA to regulate gene transcription. These cis-regulatory sequences are very short, usually less than ten nucleotide pairs in length. The short length means that there is a high probability of the exact same sequence randomly occurring throughout the genome.  Since regulators can also bind to groups of similar sequences, this further increases the chances of random binding. Transcriptional regulators form dimers that...
Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2026

High Sensitivity Measurement of Transcription Factor-DNA Binding Affinities by Competitive Titration Using Fluorescence Microscopy
06:38

High Sensitivity Measurement of Transcription Factor-DNA Binding Affinities by Competitive Titration Using Fluorescence Microscopy

Published on: February 7, 2019

Variation in transcription factor binding among humans.

Maya Kasowski1, Fabian Grubert, Christopher Heffelfinger

  • 1Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|March 20, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Differences in transcription factor (TF) binding significantly impact gene expression, contributing to human individuality and species divergence. These variations, often linked to genetic changes, offer insights into evolutionary processes.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 14, 2026

High Sensitivity Measurement of Transcription Factor-DNA Binding Affinities by Competitive Titration Using Fluorescence Microscopy
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High Sensitivity Measurement of Transcription Factor-DNA Binding Affinities by Competitive Titration Using Fluorescence Microscopy

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Enhanced Yeast One-hybrid Screens To Identify Transcription Factor Binding To Human DNA Sequences

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Describing a Transcription Factor Dependent Regulation of the MicroRNA Transcriptome
07:23

Describing a Transcription Factor Dependent Regulation of the MicroRNA Transcriptome

Published on: June 15, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Gene expression variation is crucial for speciation and phenotypic diversity.
  • Transcription factor (TF) binding is a key regulatory mechanism influencing gene expression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate genome-wide differences in transcription factor binding across individuals and species.
  • To correlate TF binding variations with genetic changes and gene expression differences.

Main Methods:

  • Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (ChIP-seq) was used to map binding sites.
  • RNA polymerase II (PolII) and nuclear factor kappaB (p65) binding sites were analyzed in human cell lines.
  • Human and chimpanzee PolII binding patterns were compared.

Main Results:

  • Significant differences in PolII and p65 binding sites were observed between human individuals (25% and 7.5% respectively).
  • TF binding variations were frequently associated with single-nucleotide polymorphisms and structural variants.
  • Differences in TF binding often correlated with altered gene expression, indicating functional relevance.
  • Extensive divergence in PolII binding was found between humans and chimpanzees.

Conclusions:

  • Transcription factor binding variation is a major source of differences between individuals and species.
  • These findings provide insights into the genetic underpinnings of phenotypic diversity and speciation.