The relation between geometry and function of the ankle joint complex: a biomechanical review

Area of Science:

• Biomechanics
• Anatomy
• Orthopedics

Background:

• The ankle joint complex is crucial for locomotion.
• Understanding its anatomy and function is vital for injury assessment and treatment.
• Forces and range of motion during activities like walking and running are key considerations.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the relationship between ankle joint complex anatomy and function.
• To analyze joint forces, range of motion, and the roles of ligaments and articular surfaces.
• To highlight the importance of anatomical aspects in clinical studies and treatment.

Main Methods:

• Literature review focusing on ankle joint biomechanics.
• Analysis of forces, range of motion (maximal and functional), and kinematic determinants.
• Discussion of the roles of ligaments and articular surfaces in joint stability and movement.

Main Results:

• Ankle joint loads can reach up to four times body weight, primarily due to muscle activity.
• Plantar/dorsiflexion occurs mainly in the talocrural joint, while inversion/eversion involves both talocrural and subtalar joints.
• Ligaments and articular surfaces define maximal range of motion; joint geometry dictates kinematics.

Conclusions:

• Anatomical factors, including joint geometry and ligamentous structures, are primary determinants of ankle function and kinematics.
• Clinical evaluation and treatment of ankle pathology should integrate anatomical and biomechanical principles.
• Models can further elucidate the anatomy-function relationship for improved understanding of injury mechanisms and interventions.