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Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...

Coordination Number and Geometry

Coordination Number and Geometry

For transition metal complexes, the coordination number determines the geometry around the central metal ion. Table 1 compares coordination numbers to molecular geometry. The most common structures of the complexes in coordination compounds are octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar.

Structures of Solids

Structures of Solids

Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Non-Stoichiometric Defects

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Non-Stoichiometric Defects

Non-stoichiometric defects refer to a type of defect in the crystal structure of a compound where the ratio of its constituent elements deviates from the ideal stoichiometric ratio. There are two main types of non-stoichiometric defects: metal excess defects and metal deficiency defects.Metal excess defects occur when there is a slight surplus of metal ions than what is required by the stoichiometric ratio of the compound. For example, heating a sodium chloride crystal in sodium vapor results...

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects

Schottky defects arise when some lattice points in a crystal, such as those in NaCl, remain unoccupied, creating lattice vacancies without disturbing the overall electrical neutrality of the crystal. This defect is common in ionic crystals where the positive and negative ions are similar in size, as seen in sodium chloride and cesium chloride. The presence of Schottky defects enables the crystal to conduct electricity to a small extent through an ionic mechanism. Electric fields cause nearby...

Crystallographic Point Groups

Crystallographic Point Groups

Crystallographic point groups represent the various symmetry operations that can occur within crystals. They are unique in that at least one point will always remain unchanged during these actions. For instance, consider the triclinic system. This system, devoid of any axis or plane of symmetry, aligns with the C1 and Ci point groups.where Cᵢ is characterized solely by a center of inversion.Contrastingly, the monoclinic system introduces an element of symmetry. This system with one plane and...

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Optimized Fabrication Procedure for High-Quality Graphene-based Moiré Superlattice Devices

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Mullite-type Ga4B2O9: structure and order-disorder phenomenon.

Rihong Cong¹, Tao Yang, Kuo Li

¹Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China.

Acta Crystallographica. Section B, Structural Science

|March 23, 2010

Summary

This study details the structure of gallium borate mullite (Ga(4)B(2)O(9)), an aluminum-free compound. Its unique disordered structure, determined by various techniques, offers insights into related mullite phases.

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Area of Science:

Solid-state chemistry
Materials science
Crystallography

Background:

Mullite-type compounds are crucial in materials science.
Understanding the structure-property relationship is key for developing new materials.
Gallium borate mullite (Ga(4)B(2)O(9)) presents an aluminum-free alternative.

Purpose of the Study:

To synthesize and determine the crystal structure of Ga(4)B(2)O(9).
To identify fundamental building units and linking rules for mullite structures.
To compare the disordered structure of Ga(4)B(2)O(9) with ordered analogues.

Main Methods:

Boric-acid flux method for synthesis.
Powder X-ray diffraction for structure determination.
Transmission electron microscopy, solid-state (11)B MAS-NMR, and IR spectroscopies for characterization.

Main Results:

Ga(4)B(2)O(9) exhibits a disordered mullite-type structure with GaO(6) octahedra forming chains.
The structure is disordered within the ac plane but ordered along the b axis.
Fundamental building units and linking rules were identified, applicable to related mullite phases.

Conclusions:

The identified building units and rules aid in reconstructing ordered and disordered mullite structures.
The findings provide a framework for understanding other related mullite phases, including aluminum-based compounds.
Ga(4)B(2)O(9) serves as a model for disordered mullite structures.