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Development of infrared interferometry for upper atmospheric emission studies.

D Baker, A Steed, A T Stair

|March 25, 2010

Summary

This review traces the evolution of the Michelson interferometer into Fourier transform spectrometry (FTS) for upper atmospheric studies. Modern FTS instruments, particularly those from USAF/USU, have enabled advanced near-IR emission analysis.

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Area of Science:

Atmospheric Science
Spectroscopy
Instrument Development

Background:

The Michelson interferometer, invented in 1880, laid the groundwork for modern interferometric techniques.
Key advancements include the deduction of the multiplex advantage (Fellgett, 1949) and throughput advantage (Jacquinot & Rupert, early 1950s).
Early applications in the 1950s and 1960s demonstrated the potential of interferometry for atmospheric and planetary spectral analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the historical development of the Michelson interferometer.
To highlight its transformation into Fourier transform spectrometry (FTS).
To focus on USAF/USU interferometric instruments for upper atmospheric emission studies in the near-infrared over the last decade.

Main Methods:

Historical review of key inventions and discoveries in interferometry.
Examination of the application of Fourier transforms and the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm.
Analysis of the development and deployment of Michelson interferometers and FTS systems, including satellite and rocketborne instruments.

Main Results:

The Michelson interferometer evolved into sophisticated FTS systems capable of high-resolution spectral analysis.
Advancements in instrument design, such as wide-angle Michelson interferometers (WAMIs) and cryogenic detectors, significantly improved performance.
Specific instruments, like the rocketborne liquid-He cooled interferometer (1976) and cryogenic WAMI (1973), achieved rapid and sensitive measurements of atmospheric emissions.

Conclusions:

Fourier transform spectrometry represents a significant advancement from the early Michelson interferometer.
Modern interferometric instruments are crucial for detailed studies of upper atmospheric emissions.
Continued development in interferometry promises further insights into atmospheric processes.