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Related Concept Videos

Proteins: From Genes to Degradation02:11

Proteins: From Genes to Degradation

Within a biological system, the DNA encodes the RNA, and the nucleotide sequence in the RNA further defines the amino acid sequence in the protein. This is referred to as “The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology” - a term coined by Francis Crick.  Central dogma is a firm principle in biology that defines the flow of genetic information within any life form. The two fundamental steps in central dogma are - transcription and translation.
Transcription is the synthesis of RNA molecules by RNA...
Proteins: From Genes to Degradation02:11

Proteins: From Genes to Degradation

Within a biological system, the DNA encodes the RNA, and the nucleotide sequence in the RNA further defines the amino acid sequence in the protein. This is referred to as “The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology” - a term coined by Francis Crick.  Central dogma is a firm principle in biology that defines the flow of genetic information within any life form. The two fundamental steps in central dogma are - transcription and translation.
Transcription is the synthesis of RNA molecules by RNA...
Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
From DNA to Protein03:06

From DNA to Protein

The flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to mRNA to protein is described by the central dogma, which states that genes specify the sequence of mRNAs, which in turn specify the sequence of amino acids making up all proteins. The decoding of one molecule to another is performed by specific proteins and RNAs. Because the information stored in DNA is so central to cellular function, it makes intuitive sense that the cell would make mRNA copies of this information for protein synthesis...
Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon has three reading...
Protein Folding01:25

Protein Folding

Proteins are chains of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. Upon synthesis, a protein folds into a three-dimensional conformation, critical to its biological function. Interactions between its constituent amino acids guide protein folding, and hence the protein structure is primarily dependent on its amino acid sequence.
Protein Structure Is Critical to Its Biological Function
Proteins perform a wide range of biological functions such as catalyzing chemical reactions, providing...

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Rapid Generation of Amyloid from Native Proteins In vitro
05:48

Rapid Generation of Amyloid from Native Proteins In vitro

Published on: December 5, 2013

How do new proteins arise?

Erich Bornberg-Bauer1, Ann-Kathrin Huylmans, Tobias Sikosek

  • 1Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, University of Münster, Hüfferstrasse 1, D48149 Münster, Germany. ebb@uni-muenster.de

Current Opinion in Structural Biology
|March 30, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Proteins evolve through gene duplication and modular rearrangements, primarily via fusion and terminal loss. This

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Protein WISDOM: A Workbench for In silico De novo Design of BioMolecules
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Protein WISDOM: A Workbench for In silico De novo Design of BioMolecules

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High-throughput Screening for Protein-based Inheritance in S. cerevisiae

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Last Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Rapid Generation of Amyloid from Native Proteins In vitro
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Protein WISDOM: A Workbench for In silico De novo Design of BioMolecules
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Published on: July 25, 2013

High-throughput Screening for Protein-based Inheritance in S. cerevisiae
08:12

High-throughput Screening for Protein-based Inheritance in S. cerevisiae

Published on: August 8, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Proteins exhibit remarkable robustness against mutations yet are highly evolvable.
  • Protein structures range from dynamic and marginally stable to forming stable cellular matrices.
  • Genes have diverse origins, from de novo emergence to ancient conservation over billions of years.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the evolutionary pathways of protein and gene structures.
  • To understand the mechanisms driving protein innovation and diversification.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of genomic and structural data.
  • Investigating gene duplication events as a source of evolutionary novelty.
  • Examining modular rearrangements, including gene fusion and terminal loss.

Main Results:

  • Protein evolution likely originated from a limited set of ancestral domains and arrangements.
  • Gene duplication provides the substrate for rare but significant adaptive transitions, such as fold changes.
  • Protein novelty predominantly arises from 'tinkering': recruiting DNA fragments or rearranging existing domain combinations.

Conclusions:

  • Protein evolution is characterized by gradual innovation through modularity and rearrangement.
  • Gene fusion and terminal loss are key mechanisms in the formation of new protein architectures.
  • Understanding these mechanisms offers insights into the vast diversity of protein functions and structures.