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The Ras-gene-encoded proteins are regulators of signaling pathways controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, or cell survival. The Ras-gene family in humans constitutes three primary members—the HRas, NRas, and KRas. These genes code for four functionally distinct yet closely related proteins—the HRas, NRas, KRas4A, and KRas4B. The involvement of mutant Ras genes in human cancer was first discovered in 1982 and is among the most common causes of human tumorigenesis.
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HMGA2: A pituitary tumour subtype-specific oncogene?

Monica Fedele1, Dario Palmieri, Alfredo Fusco

  • 1Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale (IEOS) del CNR, Naples, Italy c/o Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy. mfedele@unina.it

Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
|March 30, 2010
PubMed
Summary

High mobility group AT-hook (HMGA) proteins are crucial in pituitary tumor development. Overexpression of HMGA2 is linked to prolactinomas, driving pituitary oncogenesis.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • High mobility group AT-hook (HMGA) proteins are DNA architectural factors crucial in embryogenesis and tumorigenesis.
  • HMGA proteins, particularly HMGA2, are implicated in the development of various human tumors, including pituitary adenomas.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of HMGA proteins in human pituitary tumors.
  • To discuss the mechanisms underlying HMGA protein involvement in pituitary adenoma onset and progression.
  • To explore potential HMGA-dependent drivers of pituitary oncogenesis for future research.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on HMGA proteins in human tumors.
  • Analysis of existing data on HMGA gene rearrangements and amplifications in pituitary adenomas.
  • Discussion of transgenic mouse models overexpressing Hmga1 or Hmga2.

Main Results:

  • HMGA proteins are highly expressed during embryogenesis and are involved in tumorigenesis.
  • HMGA2 alterations (rearrangement, amplification) are observed in human prolactinomas.
  • Transgenic mice overexpressing Hmga1 or Hmga2 develop pituitary adenomas with hormone secretion.

Conclusions:

  • HMGA proteins play a significant role in the development of pituitary adenomas.
  • Understanding HMGA-dependent mechanisms is key to targeting pituitary oncogenesis.
  • Further research into HMGA-driven pathways can reveal novel therapeutic strategies for pituitary tumors.