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Related Concept Videos

Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

Combinatorial Gene Control

Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
The expression of more than 30,000 genes is controlled by approximately 2000-3000 transcription factors. This is possible because a single transcription factor can recognize more than one regulatory sequence. The specificity in gene...
Constitutive and Regulated Gene Expression01:27

Constitutive and Regulated Gene Expression

Gene expression in prokaryotes is governed by constitutive and regulated systems, allowing cells to balance the production of essential proteins with adaptive responses to environmental changes.Constitutive Gene ExpressionConstitutive, or housekeeping, genes are continuously expressed as they encode proteins vital for fundamental cellular processes. These include enzymes for glycolysis, ribosomal components for protein synthesis, and proteins involved in DNA replication. Their constant...
Reporter Genes02:11

Reporter Genes

Reporter genes are a type of protein-coding gene that are often tagged to a gene of interest. Once inside a target cell, reporter genes usually produce visually identifiable characteristics like fluorescence and luminescence when expressed along with the gene of interest. Thus, reporter genes “report” the presence or absence of genes of interest in an organism, determine the gene expression pattern, or track the physical location of a DNA segment or protein in the cell.
Commonly used reporter...
Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
Genetic Screens02:46

Genetic Screens

Genetic screens are tools used to identify genes and mutations responsible for phenotypes of interest. Genetic screens help identify individuals or a group of people at risk of developing  genetic diseases and help them with early intervention, targeted therapy, and reproductive options.
Forward genetic screens
Forward or “classical” genetic screens involve creating random mutations in an organism’s DNA using radiation, mutagens, or insertion of additional bases, which result in visible changes...
In vitro Mutagenesis01:16

In vitro Mutagenesis

To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.

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Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Applying an Inducible Expression System to Study Interference of Bacterial Virulence Factors with Intracellular Signaling
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Applying an Inducible Expression System to Study Interference of Bacterial Virulence Factors with Intracellular Signaling

Published on: June 25, 2015

A theoretical framework for gene induction and experimental comparisons.

Karen M Ong1, John A Blackford, Benjamin L Kagan

  • 1Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|March 31, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study presents a new theory explaining how gene induction occurs through a sequence of steps, not just receptor binding. It reveals how cofactors influence gene induction potency and provides a framework applicable to various biochemical reactions.

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Last Updated: Jun 14, 2026

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Published on: November 4, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Systems Biology

Background:

  • Ligand-mediated gene induction by steroid receptors is a complex, multistep process.
  • Classical models assume steroid binding to the receptor is the rate-limiting step, predicting constant gene induction potency.
  • Observed gene-specific alterations in induction potency by cofactors challenge these classical models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a theoretical framework explaining how multistep reactions yield a first-order Hill dose-response curve (FHDC).
  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which cofactors modify gene induction potency and maximal activity.
  • To determine the relative order of cofactors within the reaction sequence.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a theoretical model for multistep biochemical reactions.
  • Application of the model to analyze glucocorticoid receptor-mediated gene induction.
  • Experimental validation using varying concentrations of Ubc9 cofactor and receptor.

Main Results:

  • The theoretical framework accurately describes FHDC arising from sequential reaction steps.
  • The model successfully predicts cofactor effects on gene induction potency and identifies their order in the reaction sequence.
  • Experimental data for glucocorticoid receptor and Ubc9 cofactor validate the theoretical predictions.
  • The theory predicts and is validated by the exclusion of preformed receptor dimer DNA binding in FHDC.

Conclusions:

  • A sequential reaction mechanism can explain the observed first-order Hill dose-response curves in gene induction.
  • The developed theory provides a generalizable framework for understanding cofactor-mediated regulation of gene induction potency.
  • The theory is broadly applicable to any biochemical system exhibiting a first-order Hill dose-response curve.