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Related Concept Videos

Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
Diffusion01:21

Diffusion

Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics01:17

Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics

Passive diffusion is a critical process that allows small lipophilic drugs to cross the cell membrane along a concentration gradient. This mechanism's efficiency depends on four primary factors: the membrane's surface area, the drug's lipid-water partition coefficient, the concentration gradient, and the membrane's thickness.
When administered orally, drugs establish a substantial concentration gradient between the gastrointestinal (GI) lumen and the bloodstream, expediting their diffusion into...
Protein Diffusion in the Membrane01:24

Protein Diffusion in the Membrane

Proteins show rotational as well as lateral diffusion across the membrane. The lateral diffusion of proteins was confirmed through the cell fusion experiment where mouse and human cells were fused, resulting in hybrid cells. When the human and mouse cells fused, the specific membrane proteins on human and mouse cells were marked with the red and green-fluorescent markers, respectively. Initially, the red and green fluorescence was located on the respective hemisphere of the cell. As time...
Pore Transport and Ion-Pair Transport01:17

Pore Transport and Ion-Pair Transport

Pore transport and ion-pair formation are critical mechanisms for the absorption and distribution of drugs in the body.
Pore transport, also known as convective transport, is a process where small molecules like urea, water, and sugars rapidly cross cell membranes as though there were channels or pores in the membrane. Although direct microscopic evidence is limited  but the concept of pores or channels is widely accepted based on physiological evidence. Despite the lack of direct microscopic...
Dialysis01:15

Dialysis

Dialysis is a diffusion-based purification process that separates analyte molecules from a complex matrix. This is accomplished by allowing molecules in the solution to pass through a semipermeable membrane into a liquid on the other side. The membrane is usually made of cellulose acetate or cellulose nitrate, and the second liquid must be miscible with the solution. Ions (e.g., chloride or sodium) or organic molecules (e.g., glucose) can pass through the membrane pores, which generally have...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Layer-by-layer Synthesis and Transfer of Freestanding Conjugated Microporous Polymer Nanomembranes
09:09

Layer-by-layer Synthesis and Transfer of Freestanding Conjugated Microporous Polymer Nanomembranes

Published on: December 15, 2015

Diffusion and flow across nanoporous polydicyclopentadiene-based membranes.

William A Phillip1, Mark Amendt, Brandon O'Neill

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|April 1, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We developed novel polymer membranes with precisely controlled 14 nm pores for efficient ultrafiltration. These membranes exhibit tunable molecular weight cutoffs (MWCO) without adjustable parameters, offering versatile separation capabilities.

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Layer-by-layer Synthesis and Transfer of Freestanding Conjugated Microporous Polymer Nanomembranes

Published on: December 15, 2015

Merging Ion Concentration Polarization between Juxtaposed Ion Exchange Membranes to Block the Propagation of the Polarization Zone
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Creating Sub-50 Nm Nanofluidic Junctions in PDMS Microfluidic Chip via Self-Assembly Process of Colloidal Particles
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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Separation Science

Background:

  • Developing advanced membranes is crucial for efficient separation processes.
  • Precisely controlling pore size and structure is key to membrane performance.
  • Existing methods may lack tunability or require complex fabrication.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report gas and liquid transport measurements through novel polymer membranes.
  • To characterize the pore structure and its impact on membrane performance.
  • To demonstrate the tunability of molecular weight cutoffs (MWCO).

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of membranes using a block copolymer template and dicyclopentadiene polymerization.
  • Pore structure formation via selective etching of the templating polymer.
  • Gas and liquid transport measurements, including Knudsen diffusion and water flow.
  • Characterization using nitrogen adsorption and small-angle X-ray scattering.

Main Results:

  • Membranes with 40% voids and 14 nm pores were successfully fabricated.
  • Pore structure was found to be isotropic with a tortuosity of 1.81.
  • Ultrafiltration performance demonstrated molecular weight cutoffs (MWCO) consistent with theoretical predictions.
  • MWCO were tunable by altering the templating copolymer's block sizes.

Conclusions:

  • The developed membranes are effective for ultrafiltration with predictable performance.
  • The templating method allows for precise control over pore size and membrane properties.
  • These membranes offer a tunable and efficient solution for various separation applications.