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The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body, maintaining a balance between blood sent out (cardiac output) and blood returning (venous return). If this balance is disrupted, it can result in congestive heart failure (CHF), a severe condition where the heart becomes an inefficient pump, leading to inadequate blood circulation.
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Myocarditis is inflammation of the myocardium, which is the muscular layer of the heart.EtiologyMyocarditis has a diverse etiology, including a wide range of infectious and non-infectious causes:Infectious CausesViral: Common viruses include Coxsackie A and B, adenovirus, parvovirus B19, enteroviruses, and influenza A.Bacterial: Examples include infections caused by Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Mycoplasma species.Rickettsial: Infections like Rocky Mountain spotted fever can result in...
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Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) encompasses a spectrum of heart conditions caused by sudden obstruction of coronary arteries, typically resulting from the rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque and subsequent thrombus (blood clot) formation. This obstruction can lead to partial or complete blockage of blood flow, causing varying degrees of myocardial ischemia or infarction.ACS includes the following clinical entities:Unstable Angina (UA)Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI)ST-Elevation...
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Dilated cardiomyopathy, or DCM, is a progressive myocardial disorder characterized by ventricular chamber dilation and contractile dysfunction.EtiologyVarious factors can cause DCM, including hypertension and heavy alcohol intake, which contribute to the weakening and enlargement of the heart muscle. Viral infections, such as Coxsackievirus B, adenoviruses, and influenza, can lead to DCM by causing inflammation and damage to heart tissue. Certain chemotherapeutic agents, including daunorubicin,...
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Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy01:29

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Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or HCM, is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy without ventricular dilation. It is more common in men and is typically diagnosed in young, athletic adults.EtiologyHCM is primarily genetic and is caused by mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins. Researchers have identified over 1400 mutations across at least 11 different genes. Among these, the most frequently occurring mutations are found in the...
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Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is a rare heart muscle disease characterized by impaired ventricular filling due to stiffened ventricular walls, leading to significant diastolic dysfunction.EtiologyRestrictive cardiomyopathy can arise from both inherited and acquired diseases, many of which are systemic. It is categorized into four main types: infiltrative, storage, non-infiltrative, and endomyocardial diseases.Infiltrative diseases, such as amyloidosis, lead to RCM by depositing amyloid...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Murine Isolated Heart Model of Myocardial Stunning Associated with Cardioplegic Arrest
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Stunned and hibernating myocardium.

R A Kloner1, K Przyklenk

  • 1Heart Institute, Hospital of the Good Samaritan, Los Angeles, California 90017.

Annual Review of Medicine
|January 1, 1991
PubMed
Summary

Non-functioning myocardium can be dead, stunned, hibernating, or ischemic. Studies confirm stunned myocardium in humans and hibernating myocardium in patients with chronic low flow ischemia, showing improved function after revascularization.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Non-functioning myocardium presents diagnostic challenges.
  • Potential states include infarction, stunning, hibernation, or acute ischemia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evidence for stunned and hibernating myocardium.
  • To differentiate these states from irreversible myocardial damage.

Main Methods:

  • Review of experimental and clinical studies.
  • Analysis of data from coronary artery occlusion/reperfusion models.
  • Evaluation of clinical outcomes following revascularization in ischemic heart disease.

Main Results:

  • Stunned myocardium (postischemic ventricular dysfunction) is well-documented experimentally and clinically.

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  • Hibernating myocardium (viable tissue in chronic low flow) is supported by clinical evidence.
  • Revascularization improves left ventricular function in hibernating myocardium.

    • Conclusions:

    • Stunned and hibernating myocardium represent distinct states of viable but dysfunctional heart muscle.
    • These findings have implications for diagnosing and treating ischemic heart disease.
    • Understanding these myocardial states is crucial for guiding therapeutic interventions.