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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Types of Toxins01:36

Types of Toxins

Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
Air pollutants, primarily gases, pose significant threats to respiratory health, leading to conditions like hypoxia, lung cancer, and in extreme cases, death.
Environmental pollutants like...
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

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In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse
04:14

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

Environmental chemicals targeting thyroid.

Thomas R Zoeller1

  • 1Biology Department and Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA. tzoeller@bio.umass.edu

Hormones (Athens, Greece)
|April 6, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Environmental chemicals can disrupt thyroid hormone (TH) signaling, impacting development and physiology. Current screening methods may miss endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) that interfere with TH action without altering circulating TH levels.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Environmental Health
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Thyroid hormones (THs) are crucial for normal brain and somatic development, and physiological regulation in all ages.
  • Thyroid function relies on complex hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis interactions, maintaining stable circulating TH levels.
  • Tissue-level mechanisms like TH metabolism and transport ensure TH action aligns with circulating levels.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the complexities of thyroid hormone signaling and endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs).
  • To identify gaps in current screening methods for thyroid toxicants.
  • To outline critical issues for effective risk assessment of EDCs affecting TH action.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on thyroid hormone regulation and action.
  • Analysis of endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) interference with thyroid signaling pathways.
  • Evaluation of current screening methodologies for thyroid toxicants.

Main Results:

  • EDCs can interfere with TH signaling, potentially causing adverse effects at individual and population levels.
  • Existing screening methods may fail to detect EDCs that disrupt TH action directly at the receptor level without affecting circulating TH levels.
  • The complexity of TH regulation necessitates a comprehensive approach to understanding EDC impacts.

Conclusions:

  • Effective risk assessment for thyroid toxicants requires addressing the complexity of TH regulation and action.
  • New screening strategies are needed to identify EDCs that interfere with TH action independently of circulating TH levels.
  • Resolving key issues in understanding EDC-TH interactions is essential for protecting public health.