Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Two-Dimensional (2D) NMR: Overview01:12

Two-Dimensional (2D) NMR: Overview

The 1D NMR spectrum of large and complex molecules like natural products has complicated splitting patterns and overlapping signals, which can be easily interpreted using 2-dimensional (2D) NMR. Unlike 1D NMR, 2D NMR has two frequency axes that provide the coupling information between the nucleus A and nucleus B in a molecule. The process from which 2D spectra are obtained has four steps.
The first step is the preparation period, during which nucleus A is excited with a radiofrequency pulse.
Quantum Numbers02:43

Quantum Numbers

It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy level to another but not transition smoothly or stay between these levels.
First Law: Particles in Two-dimensional Equilibrium01:18

First Law: Particles in Two-dimensional Equilibrium

Recall that a particle in equilibrium is one for which the external forces are balanced. Static equilibrium involves objects at rest, and dynamic equilibrium involves objects in motion without acceleration; but it is important to remember that these conditions are relative. For instance, an object may be at rest when viewed from one frame of reference, but that same object would appear to be in motion when viewed by someone moving at a constant velocity.
Newton's first law tells us about the...
The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom02:45

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra. Schrödinger...
2D NMR: Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy (HSQC)01:19

2D NMR: Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy (HSQC)

Heteronuclear single-quantum correlation spectroscopy (HSQC) is a 2D NMR technique that reveals one-bond correlations between hydrogen and a heteronucleus. The HSQC experiment is similar to the heteronuclear correlation experiment (HETCOR) but is more sensitive. In the HSQC spectrum, the proton chemical shift is plotted on the horizontal F2 axis, while the 13C chemical shift is plotted on the vertical F1 axis. The corresponding proton and 13C spectra are also shown. The HSQC contour plot does...
The Uncertainty Principle04:08

The Uncertainty Principle

Werner Heisenberg considered the limits of how accurately one can measure properties of an electron or other microscopic particles. He determined that there is a fundamental limit to how accurately one can measure both a particle’s position and its momentum simultaneously. The more accurate the measurement of the momentum of a particle is known, the less accurate the position at that time is known and vice versa. This is what is now called the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. He mathematically...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

How Much Entanglement Is Needed for Quantum Error Correction?

Physical review letters·2025
Same author

High-threshold and low-overhead fault-tolerant quantum memory.

Nature·2024
Same author

Constant-Cost Implementations of Clifford Operations and Multiply-Controlled Gates Using Global Interactions.

Physical review letters·2022
Same author

How to Simulate Quantum Measurement without Computing Marginals.

Physical review letters·2022
Same author

Error Mitigation for Universal Gates on Encoded Qubits.

Physical review letters·2021
Same author

Obstacles to Variational Quantum Optimization from Symmetry Protection.

Physical review letters·2021

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform
05:39

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

Published on: August 2, 2019

Tradeoffs for reliable quantum information storage in 2D systems.

Sergey Bravyi1, David Poulin, Barbara Terhal

  • 1IBM Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights New York 10598, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|April 7, 2010
PubMed
Summary

This study explores fundamental limits for storing quantum information using error-correcting codes. Researchers found a tradeoff between encoded qubits, code distance, and particle number in 2D systems.

More Related Videos

Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor
10:00

Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor

Published on: November 11, 2013

Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets
07:45

Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets

Published on: February 6, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform
05:39

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

Published on: August 2, 2019

Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor
10:00

Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor

Published on: November 11, 2013

Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets
07:45

Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets

Published on: February 6, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Quantum Information Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Theoretical Computer Science

Background:

  • Storing quantum information reliably is crucial for quantum computing.
  • Quantum error-correcting codes are essential for mitigating decoherence.
  • Understanding the physical limits of quantum information storage is an open question.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate fundamental limits on storing quantum information in a bounded 2D space.
  • Analyze the relationship between encoded qubits, code distance, and physical resources.
  • Compare quantum information storage limits with classical information storage.

Main Methods:

  • Studied quantum error-correcting codes defined by local commuting constraints on a 2D lattice.
  • Analyzed systems of finite-dimensional quantum particles.
  • Derived a mathematical tradeoff relation for 2D quantum systems.

Main Results:

  • Established a tradeoff of kd^2 = O(n) for 2D quantum information storage, where k is encoded qubits, d is code distance, and n is the number of particles.
  • The coefficient in O(n) depends on constraint locality and particle Hilbert space dimension.
  • Derived an analogous tradeoff for classical information: k*sqrt(d) = O(n).

Conclusions:

  • Fundamental limits exist for reliable quantum information storage in bounded 2D systems.
  • The derived tradeoffs provide a quantitative understanding of these physical limitations.
  • These findings have implications for designing efficient quantum error-correcting codes and understanding quantum memory.