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Related Concept Videos

Pleural Effusion I: Introduction01:25

Pleural Effusion I: Introduction

Pleural effusion is an abnormal fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity, a narrow space between the lungs and the chest wall. It is not a disease per se but rather a symptom or indication of an underlying disease. In normal circumstances, this space contains a small amount of fluid (5 to 15 mL), a lubricant facilitating the non-frictional movement of the pleural surfaces.
There are two main types of pleural effusion: transudative and exudative. They are differentiated using Light's criteria,...
Pleural Effusion II: Symptoms and Management01:28

Pleural Effusion II: Symptoms and Management

Pleural Effusion Overview
A pleural effusion is the abnormal collection of fluid between the parietal and visceral pleura layers of tissue that form the lining of the lungs and chest cavity. It can occur independently or due to surrounding parenchymal diseases, such as infection, malignancy, or inflammatory conditions.
Clinical Manifestations:
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease II: Emphysema01:23

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease II: Emphysema

Emphysema, a major phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is characterized by irreversible destruction of alveolar walls and permanent enlargement of distal airspaces. Unlike chronic bronchitis, which primarily affects the airways, emphysema predominantly involves the lung parenchyma, where structural damage leads to airflow limitation.PathophysiologyIt most commonly results from prolonged exposure to cigarette smoke and other toxic gases, particularly cigarette smoke.
Cryptococcal Meningitis01:27

Cryptococcal Meningitis

Cryptococcal meningitis is a life-threatening opportunistic infection predominantly associated with HIV/AIDS, accounting for over 100,000 deaths annually worldwide. However, it also affects individuals with other forms of immunosuppression, including those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, organ transplant recipients, patients with innate immunodeficiencies, and individuals with hematological disorders. The infection is caused mainly by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii,...
Pulmonary Edema II: Pathophysiology01:18

Pulmonary Edema II: Pathophysiology

Pulmonary edema is the accumulation of fluid in the interstitial and alveolar spaces of the lungs, impairing gas exchange and oxygen delivery. It may be cardiogenic or noncardiogenic, but both reduce oxygenation and lung compliance.Cardiogenic Pulmonary EdemaCardiogenic edema results from increased hydrostatic pressure in pulmonary capillaries, usually due to left ventricular dysfunction from myocardial infarction, heart failure, or valvular disease. Ineffective cardiac pumping causes blood to...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features01:24

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features

Chronic bronchitis is a key phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by airway-centered inflammation and mucus overproduction. It develops from long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases, most commonly cigarette smoke, which triggers a persistent inflammatory response.Cellular and Structural ChangesInflammation initially affects the large bronchi and later the smaller airways, with infiltration by immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2026

A Pleural Effusion Model in Rats by Intratracheal Instillation of Polyacrylate/Nanosilica
03:32

A Pleural Effusion Model in Rats by Intratracheal Instillation of Polyacrylate/Nanosilica

Published on: April 12, 2019

Minoxidil-associated exudative pleural effusion.

Atif Siddiqui1, Mohammed Ansari, Jawairia Shakil

  • 1Texas [corrected] Tech University Health Science Center at the Permian Basin, Odessa, Texas, USA. atif1.siddiqui@ttuhsc.edu

Southern Medical Journal
|April 9, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Minoxidil can cause serious pleural effusions, even in patients without kidney disease. Discontinuing the medication may lead to the resolution of these drug-induced pleural effusions.

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Refined Murine Model of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
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Refined Murine Model of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

Published on: June 17, 2025

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Last Updated: Jun 14, 2026

A Pleural Effusion Model in Rats by Intratracheal Instillation of Polyacrylate/Nanosilica
03:32

A Pleural Effusion Model in Rats by Intratracheal Instillation of Polyacrylate/Nanosilica

Published on: April 12, 2019

Refined Murine Model of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
07:51

Refined Murine Model of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

Published on: June 17, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Pulmonology
  • Clinical Pharmacology

Background:

  • Recurrent pleural effusions are linked to poor patient outcomes.
  • Identifying drug-induced causes is crucial for effective management.
  • Minoxidil is a known, though uncommon, cause of pleuropericardial effusions, particularly in chronic kidney disease patients.

Observation:

  • A case study involving a patient who developed an isolated exudative pleural effusion.
  • The patient had no pre-existing kidney disease.
  • The effusion was temporally associated with minoxidil use.

Findings:

  • Minoxidil was identified as the likely cause of the exudative pleural effusion.
  • The effusion resolved significantly after minoxidil discontinuation.
  • The precise mechanism of minoxidil-induced pleural effusion remains under investigation.

Implications:

  • This case highlights the potential for minoxidil to cause pleural effusions in individuals without kidney disease.
  • Early recognition and drug cessation can improve patient prognosis.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the pathophysiology of minoxidil-induced pleural effusions.