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Related Concept Videos

Chirality02:25

Chirality

Chirality is a term that describes the lack of mirror symmetry in an object. In other words, chiral objects cannot be superposed on their mirror images. For example, our feet are chiral, as the mirror image of the left foot, the right foot, cannot be superposed on the left foot.
Chiral objects exhibit a sense of handedness when they interact with another chiral object. For example, our left foot can only fit in the left shoe and not in the right shoe. Achiral objects — objects that have...
Molecules with Multiple Chiral Centers02:25

Molecules with Multiple Chiral Centers

Molecules that possess multiple chiral centers can afford a large number of stereoisomers. For instance, while some molecules like 2-butanol have one chiral center, defined as a tetrahedral carbon atom with four different substituents attached, several molecules like butane-2,3-diol have multiple chiral centers. A simple formula to predict the number of stereoisomers possible for a molecule with n chiral centers is 2n. However, there can be a lower number where some of the stereoisomers are...
Prochirality02:05

Prochirality

The concept of prochirality leads to the nomenclature of the individual faces of a molecule and plays a crucial role in the enantioselective reaction. It is a concept where two or more achiral molecules react to produce chiral products. A typical process is the reaction of an achiral ketone to generate a chiral alcohol. Here, the achiral reactant reacts with an achiral reducing agent, sodium borohydride, to generate an equimolar mixture of the chiral enantiomers of the product. For example, an...
Chirality at Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur02:30

Chirality at Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur

Chirality is most prevalent in carbon-based tetrahedral compounds, but this important facet of molecular symmetry extends to sp3-hybridized nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur centers, including trivalent molecules with lone pairs. Here, the lone pair behaves as a functional group in addition to the other three substituents to form an analogous tetrahedral center that can be chiral.
A consequence of chirality is the need for enantiomeric resolution. While this is theoretically possible for all...
Chirality in Nature02:30

Chirality in Nature

Chirality is the most intriguing yet essential facet of nature, governing life’s biochemical processes and precision. It can be observed from a snail shell pattern in a macroscopic world to an amino acid, the minutest building block of life. Most of the snails around the world have right-coiled shells because of the intrinsic chirality in their genes. All the amino acids present in the human body exist in an enantiomerically pure state, except for glycine - the sole achiral amino acid. The...
¹H NMR Chemical Shift Equivalence: Enantiotopic and Diastereotopic Protons00:58

¹H NMR Chemical Shift Equivalence: Enantiotopic and Diastereotopic Protons

Replacing each alpha-hydrogen in chloroethane by bromine (or a different functional group) yields a pair of enantiomers. Such protons are called prochiral or enantiotopic and are related by a mirror plane. Enantiotopic protons are chemically equivalent in an achiral environment. Because most proton NMR spectra are recorded using achiral solvents, enantiotopic hydrogens yield a single signal.
In chiral compounds such as 2-butanol, replacing the methylene hydrogens at C3 produces a pair of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2026

High-throughput and Comprehensive Drug Surveillance Using Multisegment Injection-Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry
10:17

High-throughput and Comprehensive Drug Surveillance Using Multisegment Injection-Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry

Published on: April 23, 2019

Chiral CE-MS.

Carolina Simó1, Virginia García-Cañas, Alejandro Cifuentes

  • 1Department of Food Analysis, Institute of Industrial Fermentations (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.

Electrophoresis
|April 9, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review covers capillary electromigration methods coupled with mass spectrometry for chiral analysis. It details applications in drugs, food, and environmental samples, highlighting advantages and future prospects.

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Separation Science
  • Mass Spectrometry

Background:

  • Chiral analysis is crucial for pharmaceuticals, food safety, and environmental monitoring.
  • Capillary electromigration techniques offer high-resolution separation of enantiomers.
  • Online coupling with mass spectrometry enhances sensitivity and identification capabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review developments and applications of capillary electromigration methods coupled with mass spectrometry for chiral analysis.
  • To provide an updated overview of chiral applications using CZE-MS, CEC-MS, and MEKC-MS.
  • To discuss the advantages, drawbacks, and future development of these hyphenated techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Capillary Zone Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry (CZE-MS)
  • Capillary Electrochromatography-Mass Spectrometry (CEC-MS)
  • Microemulsion Electrokinetic Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (MEKC-MS)

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated the versatility of hyphenated techniques for chiral analysis across diverse matrices (plasma, urine, food, etc.).
  • Covered applications in drug enantiomers, food compounds, pesticides, and natural metabolites.
  • Highlighted the strengths and limitations of CZE-MS, CEC-MS, and MEKC-MS for specific chiral separations.

Conclusions:

  • Capillary electromigration coupled with MS is a powerful tool for enantiomeric analysis.
  • These hyphenated techniques offer significant advantages in sensitivity, selectivity, and applicability.
  • Continued development promises broader applications in various scientific fields.