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Related Concept Videos

Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

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Does preoperative administration of Lugol's solution in patients undergoing thyroidectomy for Graves' disease really improve surgical outcomes? A propensity score matching analysis from six high-volume centers (StELLinA study).

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter
04:09

Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter

Published on: September 20, 2024

[Recurrent goitre: our experience].

Pietro Giorgio Calò1, Massimiliano Tuveri, Giuseppe Pisano

  • 1Dipartimento di Chirurgia e Scienze Odontostomatologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari

Chirurgia Italiana
|April 13, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Reoperation for recurrent thyroid conditions is necessary in some cases after initial surgery. Experienced surgeons are crucial for safe and effective thyroid reoperation outcomes.

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Gasless Endoscopic Thyroidectomy via the Trans-Axillary Approach
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Gasless Endoscopic Thyroidectomy via the Trans-Axillary Approach

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Last Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter
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Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter

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"Sun's Seven-Step Technique" for Endoscopic En-Bloc Resection of Thyroid Cancer via the Chest-Breast Approach
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Gasless Endoscopic Thyroidectomy via the Trans-Axillary Approach
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Gasless Endoscopic Thyroidectomy via the Trans-Axillary Approach

Published on: September 15, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Surgical Oncology
  • Head and Neck Surgery

Context:

  • Recurrence rates after conservative thyroid surgery vary significantly (7-40%).
  • Key risk factors for recurrence include female sex, multifocal nodules, and absence of postoperative levothyroxine (LT4) therapy.
  • Reoperation is indicated for suspected malignancy, recurrent thyrotoxicosis, or recurrent goiter.

Purpose:

  • To evaluate the outcomes and indications for completion thyroidectomy in patients with recurrent thyroid conditions.
  • To analyze the types of reoperations performed and their associated pathologies.
  • To assess the morbidity associated with completion thyroidectomy.

Summary:

  • A total of 2149 thyroidectomies were performed between 2002 and 2008, with 92 patients undergoing completion thyroidectomy.
  • The primary indications for reoperation were recurrent multinodular goiter (81 cases), recurrent thyrotoxicosis (3 cases), and suspected malignancy (8 cases).
  • Complications included temporary hypoparathyroidism (39.1%), definitive hypoparathyroidism (7.6%), transient recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy (3.2%), and permanent nerve palsy (1.1%).

Impact:

  • Completion thyroidectomy is a viable option for managing recurrent thyroid disease, with total thyroidectomy being the preferred approach for multinodular goiter.
  • The study highlights the importance of experienced surgical teams to minimize complications during reoperation.
  • Findings contribute to understanding the risks and benefits of thyroid reoperation, guiding clinical decision-making.