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Related Concept Videos

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling01:27

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling

The coupling interactions of nuclei across four or more bonds are usually weak, with J values less than 1 Hz. While these are usually not observed in spectra, the presence of multiple bonds along the coupling pathway can result in observable long-range coupling.
In alkenes, spin information is communicated via σ–π overlap, as seen in allylic (four-bond) and homoallylic (five-bond) couplings. These coupling interactions are stronger when the σ bond is parallel to the alkene π orbitals.
Chirality02:25

Chirality

Chirality is a term that describes the lack of mirror symmetry in an object. In other words, chiral objects cannot be superposed on their mirror images. For example, our feet are chiral, as the mirror image of the left foot, the right foot, cannot be superposed on the left foot.
Chiral objects exhibit a sense of handedness when they interact with another chiral object. For example, our left foot can only fit in the left shoe and not in the right shoe. Achiral objects — objects that have...
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the involved orbitals. The...
Chirality in Nature02:30

Chirality in Nature

Chirality is the most intriguing yet essential facet of nature, governing life’s biochemical processes and precision. It can be observed from a snail shell pattern in a macroscopic world to an amino acid, the minutest building block of life. Most of the snails around the world have right-coiled shells because of the intrinsic chirality in their genes. All the amino acids present in the human body exist in an enantiomerically pure state, except for glycine - the sole achiral amino acid. The...
Molecules with Multiple Chiral Centers02:25

Molecules with Multiple Chiral Centers

Molecules that possess multiple chiral centers can afford a large number of stereoisomers. For instance, while some molecules like 2-butanol have one chiral center, defined as a tetrahedral carbon atom with four different substituents attached, several molecules like butane-2,3-diol have multiple chiral centers. A simple formula to predict the number of stereoisomers possible for a molecule with n chiral centers is 2n. However, there can be a lower number where some of the stereoisomers are...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Interfacial Molecular-level Structures of Polymers and Biomacromolecules Revealed via Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy
09:43

Interfacial Molecular-level Structures of Polymers and Biomacromolecules Revealed via Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy

Published on: August 13, 2019

Coupling effect between two adjacent chiral structure layers.

Zhaofeng Li1, Humeyra Caglayan, Evrim Colak

  • 1Nanotechnology Research Center, and Department of Physics, Bilkent University, Bilkent, 06800 Ankara, Turkey. zhaofengli@bilkent.edu.tr

Optics Express
|April 15, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mutually twisted metallic cross-wires create giant optical activity. Stacking these chiral layers reveals coupling effects, altering metamaterial properties compared to single layers.

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Last Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Interfacial Molecular-level Structures of Polymers and Biomacromolecules Revealed via Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy
09:43

Interfacial Molecular-level Structures of Polymers and Biomacromolecules Revealed via Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy

Published on: August 13, 2019

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09:25

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Published on: July 5, 2019

Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets
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Area of Science:

  • Optics and Photonics
  • Materials Science
  • Chirality Studies

Background:

  • Metallic cross-wire structures exhibit significant optical activity.
  • Layering chiral units in metamaterials can lead to inter-layer coupling.
  • Understanding these coupling effects is crucial for designing advanced chiral metamaterials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the coupling effects between adjacent chiral layers in a metamaterial.
  • To numerically and experimentally analyze how layer coupling influences chiral properties.
  • To provide a qualitative explanation for the observed coupling phenomena.

Main Methods:

  • Numerical simulations of layered chiral metamaterial structures.
  • Experimental fabrication and optical characterization of chiral metamaterials.
  • Comparative analysis of single-layer and multi-layer chiral properties.

Main Results:

  • Strong coupling effects were observed between adjacent chiral layers.
  • The chiral properties of the two-layered metamaterial differ from its single-layer constituents.
  • Coupling arises from the interaction of metallic cross-wires across different layers.

Conclusions:

  • Inter-layer coupling significantly modifies the overall chiral response of metamaterials.
  • The findings are supported by good agreement between numerical simulations and experimental data.
  • This study enhances the understanding of chiral metamaterial design principles.