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Polymers

Polymers

The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the properties that they exhibit. Additionally,...

Polymers

Polymers

The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the properties that they exhibit. Additionally,...

Polymers

Polymers

The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the properties that they exhibit. Additionally,...

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...

Propagation of Waves

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When a wave propagates from one medium to another, part of it may get reflected in the first medium, and part of it may get transmitted to the second medium. In such a case, the interface of the two mediums can be considered as a boundary that is neither fixed nor free.
Consider a scenario where a wave propagates from a string of low linear mass density to a string of high linear mass density. In such a case, the reflected wave is out of phase with respect to the incident wave, however the...

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling

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The coupling interactions of nuclei across four or more bonds are usually weak, with J values less than 1 Hz. While these are usually not observed in spectra, the presence of multiple bonds along the coupling pathway can result in observable long-range coupling.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Design and Fabrication of an Optical Fiber Made of Water

Design and Fabrication of an Optical Fiber Made of Water

Published on: November 8, 2018

Polymer waveguide star coupler.

N Takato, T Kurokawa

|April 15, 2010

Summary

A novel polymer waveguide star coupler was fabricated using selective photopolymerization, achieving low insertion loss regardless of fiber dimensions. This device demonstrates efficient optical signal splitting for fiber optic applications.

Area of Science:

Optoelectronics
Materials Science
Photonics

Background:

Waveguide devices are crucial for optical signal routing.
Traditional fabrication methods can be complex and costly.
Achieving low and consistent insertion loss is a key challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a polymer waveguide star coupler using selective photopolymerization.
To evaluate the performance of the fabricated star coupler, focusing on insertion loss.
To demonstrate the independence of insertion loss from optical fiber dimensions.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of a polymer waveguide star coupler via selective photopolymerization.
Integration of input and output fiber arrays.
Measurement of insertion loss and loss variation across ports at 0.84 micrometers.

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Design and Fabrication of an Optical Fiber Made of Water

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Fabrication of Polymer Microspheres for Optical Resonator and Laser Applications

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Fabrication And Characterization Of Photonic Crystal Slow Light Waveguides And Cavities

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Main Results:

A six-port polymer waveguide star coupler was successfully fabricated.
The device exhibited a low insertion loss of 2.6 dB.
Loss variation across the six ports was minimal, measuring 1.2 dB.

Conclusions:

Selective photopolymerization is an effective method for fabricating polymer waveguide star couplers.
The developed star coupler offers low insertion loss independent of fiber dimensions.
This technology holds promise for efficient optical signal distribution in fiber optic systems.