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Related Concept Videos

Common Respiratory Disorders01:31

Common Respiratory Disorders

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Respiratory disorders, a prevalent health concern globally, are generally divided into two primary categories: upper and lower respiratory tract disorders. The categorization is based on the area of the respiratory system they affect.
Upper respiratory disorders impact the airways above the vocal cords, encompassing areas like the nose, sinuses, and throat. Various conditions fall under this category, including the common cold and allergic rhinitis. These disorders can stem from several causes,...
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Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment01:25

Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment

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Transmission-based precautions are for patients infected or suspected to be infected (or colonized) with organisms posing a significant risk to others. The transmission precautions include airborne and protective environment precautions.
Airborne precautions:
Use airborne precautions when treating patients known or suspected to have diseases that spread through the air—for example, tuberculosis or measles. These organisms are present in smaller droplets expelled by an infected person and...
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Other Pulmonary Disorders01:17

Other Pulmonary Disorders

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Respiratory disorders encompass a range of conditions with varying levels of severity. Asthma, marked by chronic airway inflammation and hypersensitivity, is one such condition. It can lead to airway obstruction due to factors like bronchial spasms, mucosal edema, increased mucus secretion, or epithelial damage. Asthma triggers are diverse, ranging from allergens to emotional upset, and treatment focuses on both immediate relief through bronchodilators and long-term inflammation suppression.
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Assessment of Respiration01:23

Assessment of Respiration

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The respiratory system's basic structures and primary functions lay the foundation for nurses' comprehensive respiratory assessments. This assessment includes subjective and objective data to gauge the patient's respiratory health.
Subjective Assessment: Nurses interview the patient to gather information directly during the subjective assessment. It includes questions about the individual's medical history, medications, and symptoms, focusing on past respiratory conditions like...
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Breathing01:05

Breathing

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The process of breathing, inhaling and exhaling, involves the coordinated movement of the chest wall, the lungs, and the muscles that move them. Two muscle groups with important roles in breathing are the diaphragm, located directly below the lungs, and the intercostal muscles, which lie between the ribs. When the diaphragm contracts, it moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and creating more room for the lungs to expand. When the intercostal muscles contract, the ribs...
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Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation01:17

Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation

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In terms of human respiration, the act of expelling air, known as exhalation (or expiration), operates on the principle of pressure gradients. During expiration, the pressure within the lungs exceeds that of the surrounding atmosphere. Under normal conditions, quiet breathing involves passive exhalation and is free of muscular contractions. This is because the exhalation process is driven by the natural elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall, both of which have an inherent tendency to...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 3, 2026

Symptom Assessment of Patients with Allergic Rhinitis Using an Allergen Exposure Chamber
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Flying with respiratory disease.

Panagiota Tzani1, Giovanna Pisi, Marina Aiello

  • 1Clinica Pneumologica, Dipartimento Cardio-Polmonare, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy. panayotat@yahoo.com

Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases
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PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Patients with respiratory diseases face risks during flight due to potential hypobaric hypoxia. Fitness to fly evaluations are crucial for assessing risks and determining the need for supplemental oxygen during air travel.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiorespiratory Medicine
  • Aerospace Medicine
  • Pulmonology

Background:

  • Air travel poses risks for patients with respiratory diseases due to reduced cabin pressure and potential hypobaric hypoxia.
  • Certain respiratory conditions, such as pneumothorax, bronchogenic cyst, and severe pulmonary hypertension, are absolute contraindications for flying.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the cardiorespiratory effects of flight on individuals with respiratory disorders.
  • To identify risks associated with air travel for patients with respiratory diseases.
  • To outline procedures for assessing fitness to fly in this patient population.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on cardiorespiratory effects of flight and respiratory diseases.
  • Discussion of the hypoxia altitude simulation test (HAST) for risk assessment.
  • Examination of airline policies regarding supplemental oxygen for passengers.

Main Results:

  • Hypobaric hypoxia at cruising altitude can exacerbate respiratory conditions.
  • Fitness to fly evaluations, including HAST, are essential for identifying at-risk patients.
  • Supplemental oxygen may be required for some patients, and airlines typically provide it upon physician's prescription.

Conclusions:

  • A thorough fitness to fly assessment is necessary for patients with respiratory diseases planning air travel.
  • Identifying patients who need supplemental oxygen ensures their safety during flights.
  • Understanding flight's cardiorespiratory impact aids in managing respiratory disorders during air travel.