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Related Concept Videos

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
Hypoglycemia01:26

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL. It commonly occurs in individuals using insulin or insulin-secreting drugs, but may also arise in non-diabetic conditions. People with type 1 diabetes are at the highest risk because they depend on exogenous insulin. People with type 2 diabetes are also at risk, especially when treated with insulin or medications such as sulfonylureas, which increase insulin release regardless of blood glucose levels. It develops when insulin levels exceed...
Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
Hyperglycemia01:29

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...
Inborn Errors of Metabolism01:20

Inborn Errors of Metabolism

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a protein metabolism disorder characterized by high blood levels of the amino acid phenylalanine. This results from a mutation in the gene responsible for phenylalanine hydroxylase, an enzyme that converts phenylalanine into tyrosine. When this enzyme is deficient, phenylalanine builds up in the blood, leading to symptoms such as vomiting, rashes, seizures, growth deficiency, and severe mental retardation. An early diagnosis and a diet restricting phenylalanine intake...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Biochemical Measurement of Neonatal Hypoxia
13:13

Biochemical Measurement of Neonatal Hypoxia

Published on: August 24, 2011

Persistent neonatal hypoglycemia: Diagnosis and management.

S L Marles1, O G Casiro

  • 1Section of Clinical Genetics and Metabolism and Section of Neonatology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba.

Paediatrics & Child Health
|April 20, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Neonatal hypoglycemia, low blood sugar in newborns, can stem from rare inborn errors of metabolism. This review details uncommon causes and diagnostic strategies for affected infants.

Keywords:
Endocrine disordersFatty acid oxidation defectsHepatic enzyme deficienciesInborn errors of metabolismLack of substrateNeonatal hypoglycemia

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Development of a Neonatal Piglet Acute Lung Injury Model Recreating the Early Environment of Preterm Infant Lungs

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Last Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Biochemical Measurement of Neonatal Hypoxia
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Biochemical Measurement of Neonatal Hypoxia

Published on: August 24, 2011

Development of a Neonatal Piglet Acute Lung Injury Model Recreating the Early Environment of Preterm Infant Lungs
08:58

Development of a Neonatal Piglet Acute Lung Injury Model Recreating the Early Environment of Preterm Infant Lungs

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Pediatrics
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Plasma glucose regulation involves the endocrine system, enzyme function (glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis), and substrate availability.
  • Neonatal hypoglycemia is defined as serum glucose <2.2 mmol/L (first 72h) or <2.5 mmol/L (thereafter).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review uncommon causes of hypoglycemia in full-term, healthy neonates.
  • To provide an investigative protocol for these conditions, including common diseases like hyperinsulinism.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on inborn errors of metabolism and other rare causes.
  • Development of a diagnostic protocol with rationale for test selection.

Main Results:

  • Most uncommon causes of neonatal hypoglycemia are inborn errors of metabolism.
  • A structured approach to investigation is crucial for timely diagnosis.

Conclusions:

  • Early identification and management of rare metabolic disorders are vital for healthy neonatal outcomes.
  • The proposed protocol aids in differentiating common from uncommon causes of neonatal hypoglycemia.