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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Estimate the Cognitive Load Using Electrocardiographic Measure: A Human-AI Collaborative Task

Estimate the Cognitive Load Using Electrocardiographic Measure: A Human-AI Collaborative Task

Published on: December 5, 2025

How cognitive load affects duration judgments: A meta-analytic review.

Richard A Block¹, Peter A Hancock, Dan Zakay

¹Department of Psychology, Montana State University, Bozeman, 59717-3440, United States. block@montana.edu <block@montana.edu>

Acta Psychologica

|April 21, 2010

Summary

Cognitive load impacts time perception. Higher cognitive load decreases prospective duration judgments but increases retrospective ones, affecting attentional and memory models.

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Area of Science:

Cognitive psychology
Psychophysics
Human information processing

Background:

Duration judgments are fundamental to human experience.
The influence of cognitive load on time perception remains debated.
Existing theories offer competing explanations for these effects.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically evaluate the impact of cognitive load on duration judgments.
To differentiate the effects of various cognitive load types.
To test the validity of current duration judgment theories.

Main Methods:

A meta-analysis synthesizing data from 117 experiments.
Analysis of six distinct types of cognitive load.
Comparison of prospective (informed) and retrospective (uninformed) judgment paradigms.

Main Results:

Higher cognitive load decreased prospective duration judgment ratios (subjective/objective time).
Higher cognitive load increased retrospective duration judgment ratios.
Relative variability of prospective judgments increased with cognitive load, unlike retrospective judgments.

Conclusions:

Findings support attentional resource models for prospective judgments.
Evidence supports memory change models for retrospective judgments.
Current meta-analytic data refutes alternative duration judgment theories.