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Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Long-term Behavioral and Reproductive Consequences of Embryonic Exposure to Low-dose Toxicants
Published on: March 6, 2018
The impact of environmental and occupational exposures on reproductive health
Stephanie Chalupka1, Andrew N Chalupka2
1Graduate Nursing Program, Worcester State College, Worcester, MA and a visiting scientist in Occupational and Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA..
Abstract:
Environmental exposures during critical periods of susceptibility in utero may result in lifelong or intergenerational adverse health effects. Most chemicals in commercial use in the United States have not been tested for possible developmental toxicity to fetuses, infants, and children. Environmental and occupational exposures can result in adverse effects on female and male reproduction. Nurses can identify at-risk patients, provide education about the impact of chemical toxicants, and empower women to take precautionary action.
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