Antiphospholipid syndrome and central nervous system

Area of Science:

• Neurology
• Immunology
• Radiology

Background:

• Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disorder associated with thrombotic events.
• Central nervous system (CNS) involvement in APS presents diverse and complex clinical scenarios.
• Understanding the interplay of inflammation, autoimmunity, and coagulation is crucial for managing APS neurological complications.

Purpose of the Study:

• To comprehensively review the classification, etiology, and pathogenesis of APS.
• To elucidate the major CNS manifestations of APS, supported by MRI findings.
• To outline the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for APS-related neurological disorders.

Main Methods:

• Literature review focusing on APS classification, etiology, pathogenesis, and CNS manifestations.
• Analysis of diagnostic criteria and therapeutic strategies for APS.
• Integration of MRI findings to illustrate the complexity of CNS involvement.

Main Results:

• APS involves a complex interplay of inflammation, autoimmunity, coagulation, and vasculature.
• Prominent CNS manifestations include cerebrovascular disease, multiple sclerosis-like syndrome, seizures, cognitive dysfunction, headache, migraine, chorea, and catastrophic APS (CAPS).
• MRI findings are essential for differential diagnosis and understanding the pathophysiology of neurological complications.

Conclusions:

• APS presents a wide spectrum of neurological complications requiring a multidisciplinary approach.
• Accurate diagnosis and timely management are vital to improve outcomes for patients with APS.
• Further research into the mechanisms underlying CNS involvement in APS is warranted.