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Dialysis

Dialysis

Dialysis is a diffusion-based purification process that separates analyte molecules from a complex matrix. This is accomplished by allowing molecules in the solution to pass through a semipermeable membrane into a liquid on the other side. The membrane is usually made of cellulose acetate or cellulose nitrate, and the second liquid must be miscible with the solution. Ions (e.g., chloride or sodium) or organic molecules (e.g., glucose) can pass through the membrane pores, which generally have...

Electrochemical Systems

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Electrochemical systems provide a fascinating insight into the dynamic interplay of charged species within various phases. One notable example is the interaction between a membrane permeable to K⁺ ions but not to Cl⁻ ions, separating an aqueous KCl solution from pure water. As K⁺ ions diffuse through the membrane, they generate net charges on each phase, leading to a potential difference between them.Similarly, when a piece of Zn is immersed in an aqueous ZnSO₄ solution, the Zn metal, composed...

Peritoneal Dialysis I: Introduction and Procedure

Peritoneal Dialysis I: Introduction and Procedure

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is a procedure that facilitates the exchange of solutes, waste products, electrolytes, and excess fluid between the blood in the peritoneal capillaries and a dialysis solution introduced into the peritoneal cavity.Principles of Peritoneal Dialysis (PD)Diffusion: Waste products such as urea and electrolytes move from high concentrations in the blood to low concentrations in the dialysate across the peritoneal membrane. This mechanism is driven by the concentration...

Ion-Exchange Chromatography

Ion-Exchange Chromatography

Ion-exchange chromatography, or IEC, is a technique for separating ions based on their affinity for the stationary phase. The stationary phase is a cross-linked polymer resin with covalently attached ionic functional groups. The functional groups can be either positively charged (cation exchangers) or negatively charged (anion exchangers). A cation exchanger consists of a polymeric anion and active cations, while an anion exchanger is a polymeric cation with active anions. The choice of...

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Electrodeposition

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Electrodeposition is a technique used to separate an analyte from interferents by electrochemical processes. Here, the analyte is a metal ion that can be deposited on an electrode immersed in the sample solution. The electrochemical setup consists of an anode and a cathode. When an electric current is applied to the setup, oxidation occurs at the anode. At the cathode, which consists of a large metal surface, metal ions undergo reduction and deposit onto the surface.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Generation and Control of Electrohydrodynamic Flows in Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions

Generation and Control of Electrohydrodynamic Flows in Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions

Published on: September 7, 2018

Electrodialytic reagent introduction in flow systems.

Santosh K Mishra, Purnendu K Dasgupta

Analytical Chemistry

|April 29, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Electrodialytic reagent introduction enables precise, undiluted delivery of large molecules in capillary systems. This method enhances trace analysis of transition metals, achieving low detection limits for zinc.

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Last Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Generation and Control of Electrohydrodynamic Flows in Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions

Generation and Control of Electrohydrodynamic Flows in Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions

Published on: September 7, 2018

Ion-Exchange Membranes for the Fabrication of Reverse Electrodialysis Device

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Electrochemically and Bioelectrochemically Induced Ammonium Recovery

Electrochemically and Bioelectrochemically Induced Ammonium Recovery

Published on: January 22, 2015

Area of Science:

Analytical Chemistry
Separation Science

Background:

Conventional electrodialytic methods struggle with large, hydrophobic aromatic ions due to strong retention by hydrophobic and pi-pi interactions.
External electric fields are ineffective at modulating this retention in standard ion exchangers.

Discussion:

This study demonstrates efficient electrodialytic introduction of aromatic dye anions using unmodified cellulose dialysis membranes and modified methacrylate skeleton anion exchangers.
The flux of these reagents is precisely controlled by the applied electrodialysis current.
Gas byproducts (hydrogen and oxygen) are generated outside the main flowstream, ensuring analytical integrity.

Key Insights:

Electrodialysis can overcome limitations in introducing large, hydrophobic molecules into capillary flow systems.
Cellulose and modified cellulose membranes facilitate the electrodialytic transport of aromatic dye anions.
The system achieves sub-femtomole detection limits for transition metals like zinc in capillary trace analysis.

Outlook:

This technique offers a versatile platform for reagent introduction in microfluidic and capillary electrophoresis systems.
Potential applications include sensitive detection of various analytes in complex matrices.
Further development could expand the range of molecules amenable to electrodialytic introduction.