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Related Concept Videos

Glycolysis: Preparatory Phase01:21

Glycolysis: Preparatory Phase

In cellular metabolism (the complete breakdown of glucose to extract energy),  glycolysis is the first step. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Glucose enters heterotrophic cells in two ways. One method is through secondary active transport, where the transport takes place against the glucose concentration gradient. The other mechanism uses a group of integral proteins called GLUT proteins, also known as glucose transporter proteins. These...
What is Glycolysis?00:56

What is Glycolysis?

Overview
Cells make energy by breaking down macromolecules. Cellular respiration is the biochemical process that converts "food energy" (from the chemical bonds of macromolecules) into chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The first step of this tightly regulated and intricate process is glycolysis. The word glycolysis originates from the Latin glyco (sugar) and lysis (breakdown). Glycolysis serves two main intracellular functions: generating ATP and generating...
Energy-requiring Steps of Glycolysis01:20

Energy-requiring Steps of Glycolysis

Glucose is the source of nearly all energy used by organisms. The first step of converting glucose into usable energy is called glycolysis. Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol of the cell over two phases: an energy-requiring phase and an energy-releasing phase. Over the first three steps, glucose is converted into different forms and attached to two phosphate groups donated by two ATP molecules, resulting in an unstable sugar. In the next two stages, the unstable sugar splits into two sugar...
Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose01:02

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose

Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
During fasting, when blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes glucagon. it...
ATP Energy Storage and Release01:31

ATP Energy Storage and Release

ATP is a highly unstable molecule. Unless quickly used to perform work, ATP spontaneously dissociates into ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi), and the free energy released during this process is lost as heat. The energy released by ATP hydrolysis is used to perform work inside the cell and depends on a strategy called energy coupling. Cells couple the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis with endergonic reactions, allowing them to proceed.
One example of energy coupling using ATP involves a...
Glycolysis: Pay-off Phase01:25

Glycolysis: Pay-off Phase

So far, glycolysis has cost the cell two ATP molecules and produced two small, three-carbon sugar molecules. These molecules will proceed through the second half of the pathway, and sufficient energy will be extracted to pay back the two ATP molecules used as an initial investment and produce a profit for the cell of two additional ATP molecules and two even higher-energy NADH molecules.
Step 1 - 5: Glycolysis Preparatory Phase
The first phase of glycolysis has 5 steps where the glucose is...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Bergmeyer Glucose Quantification for Microbiological Samples
07:23

Bergmeyer Glucose Quantification for Microbiological Samples

Published on: January 17, 2025

Glucose reversion reaction kinetics.

Heidi M Pilath1, Mark R Nimlos, Ashutosh Mittal

  • 1National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA. heidi.pilath@nrel.gov

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
|May 1, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Glucose reversion reactions form disaccharides, with 1,6-linked alpha-disaccharides favored. Reaction kinetics depend on temperature, time, and glucose concentration, impacting industrial applications.

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Last Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Bergmeyer Glucose Quantification for Microbiological Samples
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Spectrophotometric Methods for the Study of Eukaryotic Glycogen Metabolism
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Steady-state, Pre-steady-state, and Single-turnover Kinetic Measurement for DNA Glycosylase Activity

Published on: August 19, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Carbohydrate Chemistry
  • Chemical Kinetics
  • Biomass Conversion

Background:

  • Glucose reversion reactions are crucial in carbohydrate processing.
  • Understanding these reactions is key to optimizing industrial applications and minimizing unwanted byproducts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the kinetics and molecular mechanisms of glucose reversion reactions in mildly acidic aqueous solutions.
  • To model the formation of disaccharides and other reversion products under varying conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Studied glucose reversion reactions in mildly acidic aqueous solutions.
  • Analyzed product formation (primarily disaccharides) using calibrated standards.
  • Calculated kinetic parameters and activation energies.

Main Results:

  • Up to 12 wt % glucose converted to reversion products, mainly disaccharides.
  • 1,6-linked alpha-disaccharides were favored over beta-linked isomers.
  • Disaccharide formation kinetics showed second-order dependence on glucose concentration and varied with temperature and time.

Conclusions:

  • Developed a detailed molecular mechanism for industrially relevant glucose reversion reactions.
  • Kinetic parameters allow modeling of disaccharide formation based on reaction conditions.
  • Distinguished between disaccharide and levoglucosan formation pathways based on glucose concentration.