Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category, whereas...

Color Vision

Color Vision

Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.

Energy Transfer in Chemical Reactions

Energy Transfer in Chemical Reactions

Chemical reactions require sufficient energy to cause the matter to collide with enough precision and force that old chemical bonds can be broken and new ones formed. In general, kinetic energy is the form of energy powering any type of matter in motion. Imagine a person building a brick wall. The energy it takes to lift and place one brick on top of another is the kinetic energy—the energy matter possesses because of its motion. Once the wall is in place, it stores potential energy. Potential...

Channel Rhodopsins

Channel Rhodopsins

Most organisms use photoreceptors to sense and respond to light. Examples of photoreceptors include bacteriorhodopsins and bacteriophytochromes in some bacteria, phytochromes in plants, and rhodopsins in the photoreceptor cells of the vertebral retina. The light-sensitive property of these receptors is because of the bound chromophores, such as bilin in the phytochromes and retinal in the rhodopsins.
Rhodopsins belong to the family of cell surface proteins called G-protein coupled receptors,...

The Z-Scheme of Electron Transport in Photosynthesis

The Z-Scheme of Electron Transport in Photosynthesis

The light reactions of photosynthesis assume a linear flow of electrons from water to NADP+. During this process, light energy drives the splitting of water molecules to produce oxygen. However, oxidation of water molecules is a thermodynamically unfavorable reaction and requires a strong oxidizing agent. This is accomplished by the first product of light reactions: oxidized P680 (or P680+), the most powerful oxidizing agent known in biology. The oxidized P680 that acquires an electron from the...

Light as Energy

Light as Energy

The energy required to carry out photosynthesis is light— typically electromagnetic radiation from the sun. The range of all possible wavelengths is known as the electromagnetic spectrum.
Photons
A photon is a discrete electromagnetic particle or bundle of energy. Photons are characterized by their frequency, wavelength, and amplitude, similar to the properties of a wave. Waves with higher frequencies transmit more energy and have shorter wavelengths than longer wavelengths that transmit less...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Precipitation chemistry and occurrence of acid rain over Dhanbad, coal city of India.

Environmental monitoring and assessment·2006

Same author

Prognostic relevance of serum hyaluronan levels in patients with breast cancer.

International journal of cancer·1992

Same author

Acceptability trials with ready to eat foods in a rural area.

Indian pediatrics·1992

Same author

American Diabetes Association annual scientific sessions, San Antonio, 20-23 June 1992.

Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association·1992

Same author

Localization of the gene for branchiootorenal syndrome to chromosome 8q.

Genomics·1992

Same author

Expression of DRG during murine embryonic development.

Biochemical and biophysical research communications·1992

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Photoconversion of Purified Fluorescent Proteins and Dual-probe Optical Highlighting in Live Cells

Photoconversion of Purified Fluorescent Proteins and Dual-probe Optical Highlighting in Live Cells

Published on: June 26, 2010

Conversion of orange light into blue light.

Nirupama Rai¹, Y Jha, K P Kamal

¹Department of Chemistry, P. K. Ray College, Dhanbad-826004, Jharkhand, India. rainirupama2006@yahoo.co.in

Spectrochimica Acta. Part A, Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy

|May 1, 2010

Summary

Frequency upconversion was observed in praseodymium-doped tellurite glass (TNO). Energy transfer between excited praseodymium ions drives this upconversion emission, revealing insights into material bonding.

More Related Videos

Enhanced Electron Injection and Exciton Confinement for Pure Blue Quantum-Dot Light-Emitting Diodes by Introducing Partially Oxidized Aluminum Cathode

Enhanced Electron Injection and Exciton Confinement for Pure Blue Quantum-Dot Light-Emitting Diodes by Introducing Partially Oxidized Aluminum Cathode

Published on: May 31, 2018

An Electrochemical Cholesteric Liquid Crystalline Device for Quick and Low-Voltage Color Modulation

An Electrochemical Cholesteric Liquid Crystalline Device for Quick and Low-Voltage Color Modulation

Published on: February 27, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Photoconversion of Purified Fluorescent Proteins and Dual-probe Optical Highlighting in Live Cells

Photoconversion of Purified Fluorescent Proteins and Dual-probe Optical Highlighting in Live Cells

Published on: June 26, 2010

Enhanced Electron Injection and Exciton Confinement for Pure Blue Quantum-Dot Light-Emitting Diodes by Introducing Partially Oxidized Aluminum Cathode

Enhanced Electron Injection and Exciton Confinement for Pure Blue Quantum-Dot Light-Emitting Diodes by Introducing Partially Oxidized Aluminum Cathode

Published on: May 31, 2018

An Electrochemical Cholesteric Liquid Crystalline Device for Quick and Low-Voltage Color Modulation

An Electrochemical Cholesteric Liquid Crystalline Device for Quick and Low-Voltage Color Modulation

Published on: February 27, 2019

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Solid State Physics
Photonics

Background:

Frequency upconversion in rare-earth doped glasses is crucial for applications like lasers and displays.
Understanding the local environment and bonding in glassy matrices influences optical properties.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate frequency upconversion in praseodymium-doped tellurite-sodium oxide (TeO(2)-Na(2)O or TNO) glass.
To analyze the nature of bonding between praseodymium ions and the surrounding oxygen atoms.
To elucidate the energy transfer mechanisms responsible for upconversion.

Main Methods:

Excitation of triply ionized praseodymium-doped TNO glass using a tunable dye laser.
Calculation of covalency, bonding parameter, and the nephelauxetic effect.
Analysis of emission spectra to identify upconversion pathways.

Main Results:

Successful observation of frequency upconversion in the praseodymium-doped TNO glass.
Calculated bonding parameters indicate the nature of the lanthanide-oxygen interaction.
Energy transfer between two excited praseodymium ions was identified as the primary mechanism for upconversion.

Conclusions:

The TNO glass system exhibits efficient frequency upconversion in the presence of praseodymium ions.
The calculated bonding parameters provide valuable information on the local structure and ion-ligand interactions.
The dominant energy transfer process highlights the importance of ion-ion interactions in achieving upconversion.