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Development and preliminary validation of the Child Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale in a community sample
M Gabrielle Pagé1, Samantha Fuss, Andrea L Martin
1Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.
Objective:
To develop, and provide initial validation of, a 20-item Child Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale (CPASS), a modified version of the adult 20-item Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale.
Methods:
A community sample of children and adolescents (N = 959) aged 8-18 years completed the CPASS and measures of pain catastrophizing, anxiety sensitivity, and general anxiety. Factor structure was assessed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (EFA and CFA).
Results:
EFA yielded a one- and a three-factor solution using 17 items of the CPASS. CFA supported a hierarchical model for both a 20-item four-factor solution (based on the adult literature) and a 20-item slightly modified four-factor solution. The CPASS showed excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = .903) and good construct, discriminant, and concurrent validity.
Conclusions:
This study provides support for the relevance of pain anxiety in a community sample of children and adolescents and offers preliminary validity and reliability for the CPASS.