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Related Concept Videos

Exercise and Muscle Performance01:27

Exercise and Muscle Performance

Exercise induces a range of adaptations in muscle tissue, depending on the type and duration of activity. Such physical training can be broadly categorized into two types: endurance exercises and resistance exercises.
Endurance exercises
Endurance exercises involve running, swimming, or cycling, which require repetitive movements with low force output. When a person engages in endurance exercise, a few noticeable changes occur in their skeletal muscles. For instance, the number of capillaries...
Exercise and Cardiovascular Response01:20

Exercise and Cardiovascular Response

Exercise significantly impacts cardiovascular response, which is crucial for understanding patient health and designing effective treatment plans.
Light to moderate physical activity initiates a series of interconnected responses in the body. The heart rate modestly increases in anticipation of the workout, followed by widespread vasodilation as oxygen consumption by skeletal muscles increases. This results in decreased peripheral resistance, increased capillary blood flow, and accelerated...
Isotonic and Isometric Muscle Contractions01:22

Isotonic and Isometric Muscle Contractions

Two primary types of muscle contractions are isotonic and isometric, each serving unique functions and involving distinct mechanisms. Both isotonic and isometric contractions are integral to the body's complex system of movement and stability. Isotonic exercises contribute significantly to functional strength and movement, while isometric contractions are crucial for maintaining posture and joint stability.
Isotonic contractions
Isotonic contractions occur when a muscle changes length while the...
Exercise and Cardiac Output01:17

Exercise and Cardiac Output

Regular physical activity is essential for maintaining cardiovascular health, with aerobic exercises being particularly effective. According to the American Heart Association, 150 minutes of moderate to intense aerobic exercise per week is recommended for a healthy heart. Aerobic activities may include brisk walking, running, bicycling, cross-country skiing, and swimming, ideally performed three to five times per week.
Sustained exercise increases the muscles' oxygen demand, which can be met...
Exercise Stress Test01:26

Exercise Stress Test

Introduction
Exercise stress testing, commonly known as a treadmill test, is a noninvasive procedure used to evaluate cardiovascular function and diagnose heart conditions.
Definition
An exercise stress test measures the heart's response to exertion using a treadmill or stationary bicycle. Chest electrodes record the heart's electrical activity through an ECG, and blood pressure is monitored regularly.
Purposes
Muscle Recovery and Fatigue01:24

Muscle Recovery and Fatigue

Muscle fatigue refers to the decline in a muscle's ability to maintain the force of contraction after prolonged activity. It primarily stems from changes within muscle fibers. Even before experiencing muscle fatigue, one may feel tired and have the urge to stop the activity. This response, known as central fatigue, occurs due to changes in the central nervous system, namely the brain and spinal cord. While there is no single mechanism that induces fatigue, it may serve as a protective response...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Improving Strength, Power, Muscle Aerobic Capacity, and Glucose Tolerance through Short-term Progressive Strength Training Among Elderly People
12:59

Improving Strength, Power, Muscle Aerobic Capacity, and Glucose Tolerance through Short-term Progressive Strength Training Among Elderly People

Published on: July 5, 2017

Strength training in endurance runners.

R S Taipale1, J Mikkola, A Nummela

  • 1Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Finland. ritva.taipale@jyu.fi

International Journal of Sports Medicine
|May 1, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Maximal or explosive strength training, combined with endurance training, significantly improved strength, neuromuscular performance, and running economy in recreational runners compared to circuit training. These benefits were maintained even with reduced strength training.

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Science
  • Exercise Physiology
  • Human Performance

Background:

  • Concurrent training, combining strength and endurance, is common for athletes.
  • Optimal strength training protocols for endurance runners remain under investigation.
  • Periodization strategies may influence concurrent training outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the effects of periodized maximal strength, explosive strength, and circuit training combined with endurance training.
  • To assess the impact on neuromuscular and endurance performance in recreational runners.
  • To evaluate the influence of a subsequent reduced strength training phase.

Main Methods:

  • Recreational runners underwent preparatory strength training, followed by 8 weeks of maximal (MAX), explosive (EXP), or circuit (C) strength training.
  • An additional 14-week reduced strength training phase was implemented.
  • Measurements included maximal strength (1RM), muscle activation (EMG), countermovement jump (CMJ), maximal oxygen uptake (VO2MAX), velocity at VO2MAX (vVO2MAX), running economy (RE), and serum hormones.

Main Results:

  • All groups showed improvements in 1RM and CMJ, with increased EMG in MAX and EXP groups.
  • VO2MAX showed minor changes, but vVO2MAX improved across all groups, and RE improved in the EXP group.
  • During reduced strength training, 1RM and EMG decreased in the MAX group, while vVO2MAX and RE improved in MAX and EXP groups.

Conclusions:

  • Maximal and explosive strength training, when concurrent with endurance training, are superior to circuit training for enhancing strength, neuromuscular adaptations, vVO2MAX, and RE in recreational runners.
  • These benefits persist even during a reduced strength training period.
  • Serum hormone levels (testosterone, cortisol) were not significantly affected by the training interventions.