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Related Concept Videos

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The field of behaviorism was pioneered by figures such as Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, and B.F. Skinner fundamentally shifted the focus of psychology to the observable and controllable aspects of human and animal behavior. This shift marked a critical evolution in the discipline, emphasizing scientific rigor and experimental methodology.
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Evaluative conditioning in humans: a meta-analysis.

Wilhelm Hofmann1, Jan De Houwer, Marco Perugini

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Roentgenring 10, Würzburg, Germany. hofmannw@psychologie.uni-wuerzburg.de

Psychological Bulletin
|May 5, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This meta-analysis reveals that evaluative conditioning (EC) significantly impacts liking, with effects influenced by procedural and relational factors. Understanding these moderators enhances our knowledge of EC's boundary conditions and underlying mental processes.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Cognitive Science
  • Social Psychology

Background:

  • Evaluative conditioning (EC) describes how liking for a stimulus changes after pairing it with positive or negative stimuli.
  • Understanding the factors influencing EC is crucial for explaining learned attitudes and preferences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a meta-analysis of research on evaluative conditioning.
  • To identify moderators that explain the significant variance in EC effect sizes.
  • To discuss findings in relation to procedural boundary conditions and theoretical accounts of EC.

Main Methods:

  • A meta-analysis synthesizing data from 214 studies on evaluative conditioning.
  • Random-effects modeling to estimate the overall EC effect size and variance.
  • Moderator analyses examining procedural and relational aspects of EC.

Main Results:

  • The average EC effect size was d = .52 (95% CI: .466–.582).
  • Approximately 70% of the variance in effect sizes was attributed to true systematic variation.
  • EC effects were stronger with high contingency awareness, supraliminal US presentation, postacquisition effects, and self-report measures.

Conclusions:

  • Evaluative conditioning is a robust phenomenon with substantial variance attributable to specific procedural and relational factors.
  • Findings highlight the importance of contingency awareness, stimulus presentation, timing, and measurement in EC research.
  • The results provide insights into the boundary conditions and cognitive mechanisms underlying evaluative conditioning.