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Related Concept Videos

Substance Use Disorders Affecting Sleep01:24

Substance Use Disorders Affecting Sleep

Substance use disorders involve a pattern of using drugs more extensively than intended and continuing use despite harmful consequences. This includes legal substances like alcohol and nicotine, as well as illegal drugs. These disorders often involve both physical and psychological dependence, reflecting compulsive use of substances that significantly alter thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, contributing to a major public health issue.
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Ideally, the people who observe and record the children’s behavior are unaware of who was assigned to the experimental or control group, in order to control for experimenter bias. Experimenter bias refers to the possibility that a researcher’s expectations might skew the results of the study. Remember, conducting an experiment requires a lot of planning, and the people involved in the research project have a vested interest in supporting their hypotheses. If the observers knew which child was...
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Sleep-Wake Cycles

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NREM Sleep
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Stages of Sleep01:22

Stages of Sleep

Sleep progresses through distinct stages, each characterized by specific brain wave patterns and physiological responses ranging from wakefulness to stages of non-rapid eye movement, known as non-REM, to rapid eye movement, referred to as REM. Understanding these stages helps in recognizing how sleep supports various bodily and cognitive functions.
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Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Association Between Sleep Quality and Cognitive Symptoms in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder
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Published on: April 26, 2024

What Do Patient-Reported Sleep Measures Assess? A Content Analysis.

Marie De Bruecker1,2, Elke Veirman2, An Mariman1,3

  • 1Department of Head and Skin, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium.

Journal of Sleep Research
|June 9, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Patient-reported sleep measures often focus on body functions, neglecting activities, participation, and environmental factors. This review highlights the need for comprehensive sleep assessments integrating all aspects of health.

Keywords:
content analysisgeneric sleep questionnairesinternational classification of functioning, disability and healthpatient‐reported experience measurespatient‐reported outcome measuresreviewsemantics

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Area of Science:

  • Sleep Medicine
  • Health Measurement
  • Rehabilitation

Background:

  • Patient-reported sleep measures (PRSMs) are crucial for assessing sleep disorders.
  • Existing PRSMs vary in content and conceptual scope.
  • A standardized framework is needed to evaluate and compare PRSMs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the content of generic PRSMs using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) and semantic analysis.
  • To identify the coverage of ICF components within PRSMs.
  • To assess the semantic relationships and operationalization of constructs in PRSMs.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of 27 generic PRSMs.
  • Linking of meaningful concepts to ICF categories using standardized rules.
  • Semantic analysis of concepts within PRSM items.
  • Compilation of ICF content overview.

Main Results:

  • Majority of concepts linked to ICF 'body functions' (71.5%), with less representation of 'activities and participation' (14.7%), 'environmental factors' (3.5%), and 'personal factors' (2.2%).
  • Semantic analysis indicated that content often framed symptoms within activities, rather than measuring functional or environmental impact.
  • Operationalization and labeling of similar constructs varied significantly across PRSMs.

Conclusions:

  • Current PRSMs have a limited conceptual scope, primarily focusing on symptoms.
  • There is a need for more comprehensive PRSMs that integrate biological, psychological, social, environmental, and personal aspects.
  • Recommendations are provided to guide the development and selection of PRSMs for improved sleep medicine measurement.