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Burden of chronic kidney disease: an international perspective
Olugbenga E Ayodele1, C Olutayo Alebiosu
1Department of Medicine, LAUTECH Teaching Hospital, Oshogbo, Osun State, Nigeria.
Insights
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) poses a significant global health challenge, particularly in low-income nations. Effective prevention strategies are crucial to manage the rising burden of kidney disease.
Area of Science:
- Nephrology
- Public Health
- Epidemiology
Background:
- Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is linked to higher cardiovascular mortality and disability.
- Genitourinary diseases caused substantial mortality and disability-adjusted life years globally in 2004.
- Limited kidney registries in low- and middle-income countries hinder accurate CKD burden assessment.
Purpose of the Study:
- To highlight the global burden of CKD.
- To identify drivers of increasing CKD incidence and prevalence.
- To propose comprehensive preventive strategies for CKD.
Main Methods:
- Review of global health data and disease burden estimates.
- Analysis of factors contributing to CKD.
- Synthesis of community survey data on end-stage kidney disease.
- Literature review on CKD prevention.
Main Results:
- CKD is a major contributor to mortality and disability worldwide.
- Diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and aging are key drivers of the global CKD increase.
- Lack of access to renal replacement therapy due to cost is a critical issue in low- and middle-income countries.
- End-stage kidney disease represents only a fraction of the total CKD burden.
Conclusions:
- Urgent implementation of population-wide preventive strategies is necessary to combat the growing CKD epidemic.
- Multifaceted approaches including public education, risk identification, lifestyle modification, and early detection are essential.
- Addressing financial barriers to renal replacement therapy is critical for improving outcomes in affected populations.
Abstract:
CKD is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality and a loss of disability-adjusted life years. Diseases of the genitourinary system were responsible for 928,000 deaths and 14,754,000 disability-adjusted life years in 2004. However, the absence of kidney registries in most of the low- and middle-income countries has made it difficult to ascertain the true burden of CKD in these countries. The global increase in the incidence and prevalence of CKD is being driven by the global increase in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, obesity, and aging. Most patients in low- and middle-income countries die because they cannot access renal replacement therapy because of the exorbitant cost. Community surveys have shown that the number of people with end-stage kidney disease is just the tip of the "CKD iceberg." The preventive strategies to stem the tide of CKD should involve educating the population on how to prevent renal disease; identifying those at risk of developing CKD; raising the awareness of the general public, policy makers, and health care workers; modifying the lifestyle of susceptible individuals; detecting early stage of CKD; arresting or hindering the progression of disease; and creating facilities for global assistance.
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