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Renewal of Skin Epidermal Stem Cells01:12

Renewal of Skin Epidermal Stem Cells

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The skin is divided into epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, the skin's outermost, middle, and inner layers. The human epidermal layer regularly undergoes renewal, where old, dead cells are replaced by new cells. Epidermal stem cells or EpiSCs divide and differentiate to restore the lost cells. For the renewal process, some EpiSCs continuously self-renew. In contrast, few others differentiate into transit-amplifying cells, which later form prickle or spinous cells, followed by granular...
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Epidermal stem cells (EpiSCs) are mainly located at the basal layer of the epidermis. These cells repair minor injuries of the skin and replace dead skin cells. However, EpiSCs’ cannot heal severe wounds such as major burns or those from diabetes or hereditary disorders. In such cases, culturing the epidermal stem cells from the patient is possible and has yielded successful treatment options, such as laboratory-grown skin grafts. These grafts are synthesized using a patient’s own...
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meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H01:13

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All meta-directing substituents are deactivating groups. These substituents withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring, making the ring less reactive toward electrophilic substitution. For example, the nitration of nitrobenzene is 100,000 times slower than that of benzene because of the deactivating effect of the nitro group. The first step in an electrophilic aromatic substitution is the addition of an electrophile to form a resonance-stabilized carbocation. The energy diagrams for...
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2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

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Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
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SN2 Reaction: Kinetics02:14

SN2 Reaction: Kinetics

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Kinetic Studies and Significance
In a chemical reaction, a relationship exists between the concentration of reactants and the rate at which the reaction proceeds. The study to measure this relationship is known as the kinetics of a chemical reaction. Kinetic studies are used to deduce the rate law of a chemical reaction, which provides information about the species involved during the transition state of the rate-determining step. Thus, kinetic studies help to derive the mechanism of a...
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SN2 Reaction: Mechanism02:27

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The kinetic studies of SN2 reactions suggest an essential feature of its mechanism: it is a single-step process without intermediates. Here, both the nucleophile and the substrate participate in the rate-determining step.
The presence of the more electronegative halogen in the substrate creates a polarized carbon-halide bond. The halide pulls the electron cloud generating an electrophilic center at the carbon atom. Thus, the carbon atom carries a partial positive charge while the halide has a...
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Endoscopic Approach for Colloid Cyst Resection
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Presternal giant epidermal cyst: 2 cases.

Manef Gasmi1, Radhia Jemaï, Fatma Fitouri

  • 1Department of paediatric surgery "A", Children Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia.

La Tunisie Medicale
|May 7, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Giant epidermal cysts in the presternal area are rare in children. Surgical excision is recommended due to potential malignant degeneration, with imaging aiding diagnosis.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Surgery
  • Dermatology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Epidermal cysts are common benign skin lesions.
  • Presternal location and large size are rare, particularly in pediatric patients.

Observation:

  • Two pediatric cases of giant presternal epidermal cysts are presented.
  • Lesions appeared in the neonatal period, rapidly growing after minor trauma.
  • Clinical examination revealed large, mobile, subcutaneous cystic masses.

Findings:

  • Imaging (ultrasound, MRI) confirmed subcutaneous cystic masses without mediastinal involvement.
  • Histological examination verified the diagnosis of epidermal cysts.
  • Surgical excision with direct cutaneous closure was successful in both cases.

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Recognition of Epidermal Transglutaminase by IgA and Tissue Transglutaminase 2 Antibodies in a Rare Case of Rhesus Dermatitis
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Implications:

  • Giant presternal epidermal cysts present diagnostic challenges in children.
  • Advanced imaging techniques are crucial for accurate diagnosis.
  • Mandatory surgical excision is advised due to the risk of malignant transformation.