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Additional Subnuclear Structures

Additional Subnuclear Structures

The eukaryotic nucleus is a double membrane-bound organelle that contains nearly all of the cell’s genetic material in the form of chromosomes. It is rightly called the “brain” of the cell as it shoulders the responsibility of responding to various physiological processes, stress, altered metabolic conditions, and other cellular signals.
The nucleus contains many membrane-less subnuclear organelles or nuclear bodies, such as nucleoli, Cajal bodies, speckles, paraspeckles, etc. These nuclear...

Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry nuclear localization signals or NLS recognized by import receptors in the cytosol. Similarly, proteins with nuclear export signals are recognized by export receptors. Import and export receptors are...

The Nucleolus

The Nucleolus

The nucleolus is the most prominent substructure of the nucleus. When it was first discovered, it was considered to be an isolated organelle that forms fibrils and granules. In 1931, the relationship between the nucleolus and chromosomes was first described by Heitz. He observed that the appearance and size of nucleolus varies depending on the stage of the cell cycle. He also noticed constricted regions on different chromosomes clustered together at definite cell cycle stages. These regions,...

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...

Nuclear Export of mRNA

Nuclear Export of mRNA

Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...

Nuclear Export of mRNA

Nuclear Export of mRNA

Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Detection of Nuclear Blebbing and DNA Leakage in Mammalian Cells by Immunofluorescence

Detection of Nuclear Blebbing and DNA Leakage in Mammalian Cells by Immunofluorescence

Published on: January 17, 2025

PML nuclear bodies.

Valérie Lallemand-Breitenbach¹, Hugues de Thé

¹INSERM/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot/Institut Universitaire Hématologie U944/ UMR7212, Laboratoire associé de la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Hôpital St. Louis, 1, Av. C. Vellefaux 75475 Paris Cedex 10, France.

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology

|May 11, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

PML nuclear bodies are fascinating cellular domains that recruit diverse proteins. Their regulation by sumoylation and association with disorders remain key research areas.

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Last Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Detection of Nuclear Blebbing and DNA Leakage in Mammalian Cells by Immunofluorescence

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Visualization of Protein-protein Interaction in Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Fractions by Co-immunoprecipitation and In Situ Proximity Ligation Assay

Visualization of Protein-protein Interaction in Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Fractions by Co-immunoprecipitation and In Situ Proximity Ligation Assay

Published on: January 16, 2017

Area of Science:

Cell Biology
Molecular Biology
Biochemistry

Background:

PML nuclear bodies are matrix-associated domains discovered in the 1960s.
These domains are known for their association with cellular disorders and recruit a wide array of proteins.
The PML protein, identified in an oncogenic translocation, is the key organizer of these bodies.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the structure and function of PML nuclear bodies.
To investigate the role of sumoylation in regulating PML bodies.
To understand the enigmatic nature and cellular roles of PML bodies.

Main Methods:

Literature review on PML nuclear bodies.
Analysis of protein recruitment mechanisms.
Investigation of posttranslational modifications, specifically sumoylation.

Main Results:

PML nuclear bodies are dynamic structures with diverse protein interactions.
Sumoylation plays a critical role in the regulation of PML bodies.
The precise functions of PML bodies in cellular processes are still under investigation.

Conclusions:

PML nuclear bodies are complex cellular compartments with significant implications in cell biology and disease.
Further research is needed to fully elucidate their functions and regulatory mechanisms.