Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Opioid Receptors: Overview

Opioid Receptors: Overview

Opioid receptors, including the mu (μ, MOR), delta (δ, DOR), and kappa (κ, KOR) types, belong to the rhodopsin family of G protein-coupled receptors. These receptors are located throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems and in non-neuronal tissues such as macrophages and astrocytes. Opioid receptor ligands can be categorized into agonists or antagonists. Highly selective agonists include [d-Ala2, MePhe4, Gly(ol)5]-enkephalin or DAMGO for MOR, [D-Pen2, D-Pen5]-enkephalin or DPDPE for...

Sleep-Wake Cycles

Sleep-Wake Cycles

Sleep is an essential physiological process vital to maintaining overall well-being. The reticular activating system (RAS), a network of neurons in the brainstem, regulates wakefulness and sleep. While it may seem passive, sleep consists of distinct cycles, each with its unique characteristics and functions. Two key sleep phases are non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM).
NREM Sleep
NREM sleep comprises four progressive stages that seamlessly merge:

Regulation of Food Intake

Regulation of Food Intake

Short-term regulation of food intake primarily involves neural signals from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood nutrient levels, and GI tract hormones. Communication between the gut and brain via vagal nerve fibers plays a significant role in evaluating the contents of the gut. Clinical studies have shown that protein ingestion produces a more prolonged response in these nerve fibers compared to an equivalent amount of glucose. Additionally, the activation of stretch receptors caused by GI...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Propofol infusions using a human target controlled infusion (TCI) pump in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes).

Scientific reports·2021

Same author

Robotically-Assisted Radical Trachelectomy.

Journal of minimally invasive gynecology·2016

Same author

Suprapubic Transvesical Laparoscopic Repair for Vesico-Vaginal Fistula.

Journal of minimally invasive gynecology·2016

Same author

Two Cases of Urinary Tract Endometriosis - Two Reconstruction Method After Segmental Resection.

Journal of minimally invasive gynecology·2016

Same author

Laparoscopic Resection of Uterosacral Ligaments in Deeply Infiltrating Endometriosis, Technique for the Prevention of Complications.

Journal of minimally invasive gynecology·2016

Same author

A Technique to Divide the Adnexal Ligaments for Huge Fibroids During Total Laparoscopic Hysterectomy.

Journal of minimally invasive gynecology·2016

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Isolation of Targeted Hypothalamic Neurons for Studies of Hormonal, Metabolic, and Electrical Regulation

Isolation of Targeted Hypothalamic Neurons for Studies of Hormonal, Metabolic, and Electrical Regulation

Published on: August 4, 2023

New approaches for the study of orexin function.

A Yamanaka¹, T Tsunematsu

¹Section of Cell Signaling, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institute of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan. yamank@nips.ac.jp

Journal of Neuroendocrinology

|May 12, 2010

Summary

Orexin neurones regulate sleep-wake cycles and arousal. New microscopic and optogenetic techniques reveal their crucial role, offering insights into narcolepsy and brain neurotransmitter interactions.

More Related Videos

Identification of Orexin and Endocannabinoid Receptors in Adult Zebrafish Using Immunoperoxidase and Immunofluorescence Methods

Identification of Orexin and Endocannabinoid Receptors in Adult Zebrafish Using Immunoperoxidase and Immunofluorescence Methods

Published on: June 25, 2019

Optogenetic Manipulation of Neural Circuits During Monitoring Sleep/wakefulness States in Mice

Optogenetic Manipulation of Neural Circuits During Monitoring Sleep/wakefulness States in Mice

Published on: June 19, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Isolation of Targeted Hypothalamic Neurons for Studies of Hormonal, Metabolic, and Electrical Regulation

Isolation of Targeted Hypothalamic Neurons for Studies of Hormonal, Metabolic, and Electrical Regulation

Published on: August 4, 2023

Identification of Orexin and Endocannabinoid Receptors in Adult Zebrafish Using Immunoperoxidase and Immunofluorescence Methods

Identification of Orexin and Endocannabinoid Receptors in Adult Zebrafish Using Immunoperoxidase and Immunofluorescence Methods

Published on: June 25, 2019

Optogenetic Manipulation of Neural Circuits During Monitoring Sleep/wakefulness States in Mice

Optogenetic Manipulation of Neural Circuits During Monitoring Sleep/wakefulness States in Mice

Published on: June 19, 2019

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Sleep Research

Background:

Orexin, a neuropeptide from lateral hypothalamic neurons, is vital for regulating sleep-wake states.
Deficiencies in orexin signaling cause narcolepsy-like symptoms, including altered sleep and muscle atonia.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advances in understanding orexin neuron function.
To highlight the application of advanced microscopic and optogenetic techniques in studying orexin pathways.

Main Methods:

Utilizing advanced microscopy to characterize orexin neuronal networks.
Employing optogenetic tools (halorhodopsin, channelrhodopsin-2) for targeted neuronal activation/inhibition.
Investigating orexin/halorhodopsin and orexin/channelrhodopsin-2 transgenic mouse models.

Main Results:

Demonstrated the critical role of orexin neurons in regulating the sleep-wake cycle and arousal states in vivo.
Provided detailed characterization of neuronal networks involving orexin neurons.
Showcased the efficacy of optogenetic approaches in manipulating orexin neuron activity.

Conclusions:

Orexin neurons are essential for maintaining normal sleep-wake regulation and arousal.
Advanced techniques like optogenetics offer powerful tools for dissecting orexin system function.
Further research will elucidate orexin's interactions with other neurotransmitter systems.