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Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Highly Resolved Intravital Striped-illumination Microscopy of Germinal Centers

Highly Resolved Intravital Striped-illumination Microscopy of Germinal Centers

Published on: April 9, 2014

Two-photon techniques in tissue engineering.

Ronald Schade¹, Thomas Weiss, Albrecht Berg

¹Institute for Bioprocessing and Analytical Measurement Techniques (iba), Department of Biomaterials, Heilbad Heiligenstadt - Germany.

The International Journal of Artificial Organs

|May 12, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Two-photon microscopy enables non-invasive visualization of cells within 3D scaffolds and the creation of custom scaffolds for tissue engineering. These advanced laser techniques offer precise control for biological applications.

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Last Updated: Jun 13, 2026

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Published on: April 9, 2014

Intravital Two-Photon Microscopy of the Transplanted Mouse Lung

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Published on: April 19, 2024

In Vivo Two-Color 2-Photon Imaging of Genetically-Tagged Reporter Cells in the Skin

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Published on: July 11, 2019

Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Laser Technology
Tissue Engineering
Microscopy

Background:

Near-infrared (NIR) radiation (approx. 800 nm) is minimally absorbed by biological tissues, making it ideal for photonic applications with femtosecond pulsed Ti:Sa lasers.
Two-photon techniques are increasingly vital in life sciences for high-resolution imaging and material processing.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce two laser-based applications in tissue engineering using two-photon excitation.
To demonstrate autofluorescent visualization of cells on 3D scaffolds.
To showcase the fabrication of 3D-structured hydrogel-like scaffolds via two-photon polymerization (2PP).

Main Methods:

Primary bovine chondrocytes were cultured on collagen I/III scaffolds within a flow chamber coupled with a two-photon laser scanning microscope (2PLSM).
Hydrostatic stimulation was applied during incubation.
Selective visualization of unlabeled cells and scaffolds was achieved using spectral autofluorescence imaging.
3D scaffolds were fabricated using 2PP with methacrylated urethane and polyethyleneglycol diacrylate.

Main Results:

Spectral autofluorescence imaging provided spatially resolved, non-invasive online control of the tissue engineering process.
Cell distribution within scaffolds was successfully quantified.
Fabrication of 3D 2PP scaffolds from hydrogel-forming monomers demonstrated their impact on cell attachment and growth.

Conclusions:

Two-photon techniques offer powerful tools for non-invasive online visualization of 3D cell-scaffold constructs.
These methods facilitate the structuring of 3D cultivation environments for tissue engineering.
The techniques are suitable for integration into micro-systems technology, including BioMEMS and Lab-on-a-Chip devices.