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Related Concept Videos

DNA Microarrays02:34

DNA Microarrays

Microarrays are high-throughput and relatively inexpensive assays that can be automated to analyze large quantities of data at a time. They are used in genome-wide studies to compare gene or protein expression under two varied conditions, such as healthy and diseased states. Microarrays consist of glass or silica slides on which probe molecules are covalently attached through surface functionalization. Most commonly, the slides are prepared through the chemisorption of silanes to silica...
Genome Annotation and Assembly03:36

Genome Annotation and Assembly

The genome refers to all of the genetic material in an organism. It can range from a few million base pairs in microbial cells to several billion base pairs in many eukaryotic organisms. Genome assembly refers to the process of taking the DNA sequencing data and putting it all back together in a correct order to create a close representation of the original genome. This is followed by the identification of functional elements on the newly assembled genome, a process called genome annotation.
RNA-seq03:21

RNA-seq

RNA sequencing, or RNA-Seq, is a high-throughput sequencing technology used to study the transcriptome of a cell. Transcriptomics helps to interpret the functional elements of a genome and identify the molecular constituents of an organism. Additionally, it also helps in understanding the development of an organism and the occurrence of diseases. 
Before the discovery of RNA-seq, microarray-based methods and Sanger sequencing were used for transcriptome analysis. However, while microarray-based...
What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then processed and...
What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...

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Global Gene Expression Analysis Using a Zebrafish Oligonucleotide Microarray Platform
13:14

Global Gene Expression Analysis Using a Zebrafish Oligonucleotide Microarray Platform

Published on: August 10, 2009

Consistent annotation of gene expression arrays.

Benoît Ballester1, Nathan Johnson, Glenn Proctor

  • 1European Bioinformatics Institute EMBL, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK.

BMC Genomics
|May 13, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We developed a consistent protocol for gene expression array annotations, ensuring accuracy and regular updates. This improves the biological interpretation of microarray data for researchers.

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Last Updated: Jun 13, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • Gene expression arrays are essential tools in biomedical research for measuring genome-wide gene expression levels.
  • Accurate mapping of array probesets to target genes is crucial for interpreting microarray results.
  • Current array annotations from manufacturers vary in methodology and struggle to keep pace with evolving biological databases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To create a standardized and consistently updated annotation protocol for gene expression arrays.
  • To enhance the accuracy and reliability of microarray data interpretation.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a universal microarray annotation protocol applicable to major array manufacturers.
  • Continuously updated annotations using the latest Ensembl Gene predictions.
  • Cross-referenced annotations with numerous external biomedical sequence databases.

Main Results:

  • Created accurate gene expression array annotations.
  • Detailed the reasons for unannotated probesets.
  • Made annotations publicly accessible via Ensembl Genome Browser and API.
  • Integrated annotations into BioMart and the biomaRt package.

Conclusions:

  • Consistent, accurate, and updated gene expression array annotations are vital for biological research.
  • The developed annotations facilitate precise biological interpretation of gene expression profiles.