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Related Concept Videos

Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

Immunodeficiency Diseases

Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
There are three main causes of immunodeficiency disorders...
Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis I01:29

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
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Desensitization and Tachyphylaxis01:20

Desensitization and Tachyphylaxis

Tachyphylaxis is described as a rapid decrease in response to a drug after repeated or continuous administration of the same drug dose. It is a phenomenon where the body becomes less responsive to a particular substance or intervention over time, requiring higher doses or stronger interventions to achieve the same effect. It results from adaptive changes in the body's receptors, signaling pathways, or physiological processes that occur in response to prolonged exposure to a stimulus.
Several...
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

In Vitro Assay to Evaluate the Impact of Immunoregulatory Pathways on HIV-specific CD4 T Cell Effector Function
09:26

In Vitro Assay to Evaluate the Impact of Immunoregulatory Pathways on HIV-specific CD4 T Cell Effector Function

Published on: October 15, 2013

Immune exhaustion occurs concomitantly with immune activation and decrease in regulatory T cells in viremic

Meenakshi Sachdeva1, Margaret A Fischl, Rajendra Pahwa

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Developmental Center for AIDS Research, University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.

Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999)
|May 14, 2010
PubMed
Summary

In chronic HIV-1 infection, excessive immune activation and exhaustion are linked to fewer regulatory T cells (Tregs). Effective antiretroviral therapy partially reverses these immune defects.

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New Tools to Expand Regulatory T Cells from HIV-1-infected Individuals
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Last Updated: Jun 13, 2026

In Vitro Assay to Evaluate the Impact of Immunoregulatory Pathways on HIV-specific CD4 T Cell Effector Function
09:26

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Published on: October 15, 2013

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New Tools to Expand Regulatory T Cells from HIV-1-infected Individuals
09:27

New Tools to Expand Regulatory T Cells from HIV-1-infected Individuals

Published on: May 30, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • Chronic HIV-1 infection leads to heightened immune activation and exhaustion.
  • Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a crucial role in immune homeostasis.
  • The interplay between immune activation, exhaustion, and Tregs in HIV-1 is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between immune activation, immune exhaustion, and Treg frequency in chronic HIV-1 infection.
  • To compare these immune phenotypes in controlled versus uncontrolled HIV-1 infection.
  • To assess the impact of antiretroviral therapy on these immune markers.

Main Methods:

  • Multicolor flow cytometry was used to analyze peripheral blood lymphocytes.
  • Key markers investigated included PD-1 (immune exhaustion), PD-L1 (its ligand), HLA-DR and CD38 (activation markers), and CD4CD25 FoxP3 Tregs.
  • The study included 44 HIV-1-infected patients and 11 HIV-1-uninfected controls.

Main Results:

  • HIV-1 patients exhibited increased activated T cells and PD-1 expression, with decreased Tregs compared to controls.
  • These immune alterations were more pronounced in patients with higher viral loads.
  • Activated CD8 T cells outnumbered activated CD4 T cells, and Tregs inversely correlated with activation and PD-1 expression. PD-L1 was elevated on monocytes and T cells. These abnormalities showed partial reversal with effective antiretroviral therapy.

Conclusions:

  • Immune exhaustion is integral to aberrant immune activation in chronic HIV-1 infection.
  • Loss of Tregs and persistent viral replication are associated with immune exhaustion.
  • Effective antiretroviral therapy can partially restore immune function in HIV-1-infected individuals.