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Related Concept Videos

Peptic Ulcer01:27

Peptic Ulcer

Peptic ulcers are erosive lesions of the gastric or duodenal lining, most commonly caused by Helicobacter pylori infection. This Gram-negative, helical bacterium has adapted to survive the stomach’s acidic environment by producing urease, which converts urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide. The ammonia neutralizes gastric acid in the bacterium’s immediate environment, allowing colonization of the gastric mucosa. H. pylori attaches to mucus-secreting epithelial cells, penetrates the mucus...
Peptic Ulcer Disease III: Clinical Manifestations and Complications01:25

Peptic Ulcer Disease III: Clinical Manifestations and Complications

Duodenal UlcersDuodenal ulcers are the most common form of peptic ulcer disease, presenting with chronic, intermittent epigastric pain. Pain typically appears 2–3 hours after meals, especially when the stomach is empty, often waking patients at night. It is characteristically relieved by food or antacids (“pain–food–relief”). Some patients remain asymptomatic until complications like bleeding or perforation emerge, particularly with NSAID or anticoagulant use.Gastric UlcersGastric ulcers share...
Diabetic Foot Ulcer01:31

Diabetic Foot Ulcer

Definition A diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a chronic, non-healing wound that develops in individuals with diabetes. It typically occurs on pressure-bearing areas such as the heel, metatarsal heads, or hallux, and carries a high risk of infection and amputation.Pathophysiology • The development of DFUs can be explained by four interconnected mechanisms: neuropathy, ischemia, infection, and impaired wound healing. • Neuropathy is the most common factor. Sensory neuropathy reduces pain perception,...
Drugs for Peptic Ulcer Disease: Sucralfate as Mucosal Protective Agents01:24

Drugs for Peptic Ulcer Disease: Sucralfate as Mucosal Protective Agents

In the intricate landscape of the gastric lumen, excessive acid secretion disrupts the natural defense mechanisms, weakening the mucus-bicarbonate barrier. This vulnerability allows pepsin to infiltrate epithelial cells, digesting mucosal proteins and triggering erosion, leading to ulcer formation.
In this scenario, mucosal protective agents like sucralfate play an essential role. Sucralfate, a complex of sulfated sucrose and aluminum hydroxide, demonstrates its usefulness in acidic conditions,...
Acne Infection01:27

Acne Infection

Acne is a multifactorial skin condition primarily affecting adolescents and young adults, with a global prevalence estimated to exceed 75% in this demographic. The condition is characterized by the formation of comedones (blackheads and whiteheads), papules, pustules, nodules, and, in severe cases, cysts, particularly in areas rich in sebaceous glands such as the face, neck, chest, and back. The pathogenesis involves increased sebum production, follicular hyperkeratinization, colonization by...
Peptic Ulcer Disease I: Introduction01:30

Peptic Ulcer Disease I: Introduction

Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) is characterized by mucosal excavation in the esophagus, stomach, pylorus, or duodenum. It can manifest as acute or chronic based on the extent and duration of mucosal involvement.
An acute ulcer, marked by superficial erosion and minimal inflammation, swiftly resolves upon identifying and addressing the underlying cause. In contrast, a chronic ulcer persists, potentially eroding through the muscular wall and forming fibrous tissue.
Peptic ulcers can also be...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

A Standardized Procedure of Dressing Management for Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
07:22

A Standardized Procedure of Dressing Management for Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis

Published on: March 14, 2025

[Painful scalp ulcers].

Daniela Cunha1, Isabel Freitas, Jorge Neta

  • 1Serviços de Dermatovenereologia e de Anatomia Patológica, Hospital de Curry Cabral, Lisboa.

Acta Medica Portuguesa
|May 18, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Early diagnosis of temporal arteritis (also known as giant cell arteritis) is crucial. Prompt treatment with corticosteroids can prevent permanent vision loss, though some impairment may persist.

Area of Science:

  • Vascular Medicine
  • Rheumatology
  • Systemic Vasculitis

Background:

  • Temporal arteritis (TA) is a systemic vasculitis affecting large and medium-sized arteries, predominantly the temporal artery.
  • It is a leading cause of potentially preventable blindness in the elderly.

Observation:

  • A male patient presented with scalp ulcers, ipsilateral headache, transient vision loss (amaurosis fugax), and jaw claudication.
  • Physical examination revealed thickened, painful, and pulseless temporal arteries.
  • Laboratory tests showed an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (63 mm/hr) and normocytic anemia.

Findings:

  • Histopathology of the temporal artery confirmed transmural inflammation with acute and chronic components, and the presence of multinucleated giant cells.
  • Ophthalmologic examination revealed significant visual impairment, particularly in the right eye.

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Minimally Invasive Surgical Decompression of Occipital Nerves
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Minimally Invasive Surgical Decompression of Occipital Nerves

Published on: September 13, 2024

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Last Updated: Jun 13, 2026

A Standardized Procedure of Dressing Management for Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
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A Standardized Procedure of Dressing Management for Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis

Published on: March 14, 2025

Minimally Invasive Surgical Decompression of Occipital Nerves
04:06

Minimally Invasive Surgical Decompression of Occipital Nerves

Published on: September 13, 2024

Implications:

  • Early diagnosis and prompt initiation of high-dose corticosteroid therapy (prednisolone 1 mg/kg/day) led to outstanding clinical improvement.
  • Despite treatment, some visual impairment persisted, highlighting the importance of timely intervention to prevent irreversible sequelae.