The Thyroid Gland
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology
Functions of Thyroid Hormones
Graves' Disease I: Introduction
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology
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Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Transoral Robotic Total Thyroidectomy and Bilateral Central Regional Lymph Node Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Published on: September 15, 2023
Limor Muallem Kalmovich1, Valerie Cote, Noah Sands
1Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Jewish General Hospital Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec. limorm@013.net.il
Post-thyroidectomy pain is generally moderate and manageable with non-narcotic analgesia. Males may experience higher pain levels, and sternothyroid muscle splitting does not significantly impact pain outcomes.
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