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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
Two distinct signaling pathways can converge on a single functional unit, which may either be a single protein or a complex of proteins. The response is either functionally distinct or synergistic between the two pathways but different from the response...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
What is the Immune System?01:38

What is the Immune System?

Overview
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses01:22

Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses

The physiological function of a cell and cellular communication are outcomes of a range of extrinsic signals, intracellular signaling pathways, and cellular responses. No two cell types express the same repertoire of signaling components. Receptors are highly selective for their cognate ligands, but once activated, they can alter multiple cellular processes such as DNA transcription, protein synthesis, and metabolic activity. 
Graded and Abrupt Responses
Some signaling systems generate...

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Related Experiment Video

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Characterization of Thymus-dependent and Thymus-independent Immunoglobulin Isotype Responses in Mice Using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay
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Characterization of Thymus-dependent and Thymus-independent Immunoglobulin Isotype Responses in Mice Using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Published on: September 7, 2018

Comparing signaling mechanisms engaged in pattern-triggered and effector-triggered immunity.

Kenichi Tsuda1, Fumiaki Katagiri

  • 1Department of Plant Biology, Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, 1500 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.

Current Opinion in Plant Biology
|May 18, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Plants use a shared signaling network for innate immunity against pathogens. This network is activated differently in pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI), leading to distinct immune response strengths.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant biology
  • Immunology
  • Molecular biology

Background:

  • Plants possess innate immune systems to defend against pathogen infections.
  • Two primary modes of plant immunity are pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI).
  • Both PTI and ETI involve downstream signaling pathways, suggesting an integrated immune network.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the differences in signaling network utilization between PTI and ETI.
  • To understand how plants achieve varying immune response strengths through a common signaling network.

Main Methods:

  • The study likely involved comparative analysis of signaling pathways activated during PTI and ETI.
  • Network analysis techniques were employed to dissect the relationships within the signaling sectors.

Main Results:

  • While PTI and ETI share downstream signaling machinery, their activation patterns differ.
  • Synergistic relationships among signaling sectors characterize PTI, potentially amplifying responses.
  • Compensatory relationships dominate ETI, contributing to its robust and prolonged nature.

Conclusions:

  • Plants utilize a common immune signaling network but modulate its function differently in PTI and ETI.
  • The distinct network dynamics explain the differential robustness and duration of these two plant immune responses.