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Related Concept Videos

Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material for adaptive...
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease01:29

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease

Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a widespread pathogen that primarily targets infants and young children but also poses a serious health risk to elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Belonging to the Pneumoviridae family, RSV is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus within the Pneumovirus genus. Its global health burden is significant, with millions of cases annually resulting in hospitalizations and mortality, particularly in resource-limited settings. Although most...
Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
Human Virome01:26

Human Virome

The human body harbors a vast and diverse viral community known as the human virome. The virome includes bacteriophages that infect bacteria, and eukaryotic viruses that infect human cells. Transient dietary and environmental viruses also contribute to this dynamic ecosystem. Estimates suggest the human body may contain on the order of 10¹³ viral particles, though abundance varies widely by body site and detection method.Comprehensive characterization of the virome has become possible only with...

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Related Experiment Video

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An In vitro Model to Study Immune Responses of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells to Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection
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An In vitro Model to Study Immune Responses of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells to Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection

Published on: December 10, 2013

Rhinovirus genome evolution during experimental human infection.

Samuel Cordey1, Thomas Junier, Daniel Gerlach

  • 1Laboratory of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases and Division of Laboratory Medicine, University of Geneva Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland. samuel.cordey@hcuge.ch

Plos One
|May 21, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) rapidly mutate during infection, with hot spots in capsid and other genes. This viral evolution knowledge is key for developing new HRV vaccines and antiviral drugs.

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Dissecting Host-virus Interaction in Lytic Replication of a Model Herpesvirus
11:28

Dissecting Host-virus Interaction in Lytic Replication of a Model Herpesvirus

Published on: October 7, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) exhibit rapid evolution, partly due to their error-prone RNA polymerase.
  • Understanding HRV population diversity during infection is crucial for designing effective vaccines and antiviral therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the in vivo and in vitro evolution of Human Rhinovirus type 39 (HRV-39).
  • To identify mutation hotspots and conserved regions within the HRV genome during acute infection.

Main Methods:

  • Experimentally infected 15 volunteers with HRV-39 and collected daily nasal wash samples for five days.
  • Inoculated HeLa-OH cells in parallel to compare in vitro HRV evolution.
  • Utilized ultra-deep sequencing and classical sequencing to analyze viral populations and mutation frequencies.

Main Results:

  • Viral load peaked at 48-72 hours post-infection in vivo.
  • Identified hypervariable mutation sites in VP2, VP3, VP1, 2C, and 3C genes, and conserved regions in VP4, 2A, 2B, 3A, 3B, and 3D genes.
  • Estimated in vivo mutation frequency at 3.4x10^-4 mutations/nucleotide, with high incidence in the VP1 capsid gene, but not in the drug-binding pocket.

Conclusions:

  • HRVs generate new variants rapidly during acute infection through mutations in specific hot spot regions.
  • Inter-host HRV transmission appears not to be associated with a strong bottleneck effect.
  • Findings provide insights into HRV evolution, essential for antiviral drug and vaccine development.