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Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health01:25

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 acts as a cofactor during the formation of osteoblast-related proteins, such as osteocalcin. Vitamin B12 plays a role...
Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
Bone Remodeling and Repair01:31

Bone Remodeling and Repair

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Trabecular Bone Microarchitecture Evaluation in an Osteoporosis Mouse Model
06:59

Trabecular Bone Microarchitecture Evaluation in an Osteoporosis Mouse Model

Published on: September 8, 2023

Bone quality and osteoporosis therapy.

Regina Matsunaga Martin1, Pedro Henrique S Correa

  • 1Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brasil.

Arquivos Brasileiros De Endocrinologia E Metabologia
|May 21, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Bone density alone doesn't fully predict fracture risk. Bone quality, encompassing structure and material traits, is crucial for fracture resistance and is influenced by osteoporosis treatments.

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics and Bone Biology
  • Rheumatology
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measures bone mineral density (BMD), a key factor in osteoporosis diagnosis.
  • Observed fracture reduction with osteoporosis treatment often exceeds what BMD changes alone can explain.
  • This discrepancy highlights the importance of other bone properties, collectively termed 'bone quality'.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current understanding of bone quality.
  • To explore how osteoporosis treatments impact bone quality.
  • To bridge the gap between BMD and fracture risk reduction.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of bone quality determinants.
  • Analysis of structural properties (geometry, microarchitecture).

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Trabecular Bone Microarchitecture Evaluation in an Osteoporosis Mouse Model
06:59

Trabecular Bone Microarchitecture Evaluation in an Osteoporosis Mouse Model

Published on: September 8, 2023

  • Evaluation of material properties (mineral, collagen, microdamage).
  • Examination of bone turnover's role in maintaining bone quality.
  • Review of pharmacological effects on bone quality.

    • Main Results:

    • Bone quality is multifactorial, including structural (size, shape, microarchitecture) and material (composition, microdamage) aspects.
    • Bone turnover is essential for replacing old bone with mechanically sound bone and maintaining calcium homeostasis.
    • Osteoporosis drugs may influence bone quality through various mechanisms beyond increasing BMD.

    Conclusions:

    • Bone quality is a critical determinant of skeletal fragility, independent of BMD.
    • Understanding how treatments affect bone quality is vital for optimizing fracture prevention strategies.
    • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the impact of osteoporosis therapies on bone quality.