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Related Concept Videos

Connective Tissue Cell Types01:22

Connective Tissue Cell Types

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Connective tissue develops from the mesoderm of a developing embryo and consists of cells, fibers, and ground substance: a gel-like material containing large complexes of carbohydrates and proteins. Connective tissue was first identified as a separate tissue family in the 18th century, and Johannes Peter Muller coined the term connective tissue.
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Bioavailability: Overview01:13

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Bioavailability refers to the proportion of an unaltered drug that, after administration, enters the systemic circulation and can be distributed to the desired action site. Factors such as gastrointestinal (GI) absorption and liver biotransformation influence the bioavailability of a drug when it is administered orally. When a drug is administered intravenously, it enters the systemic circulation directly; by definition, its bioavailability is assumed to be 100%. The bioavailability of an...
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The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
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Vitamins

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Vitamins, derived from the Latin word for life, are essential organic substances required in small quantities for optimal growth and overall well-being. Unlike other organic nutrients, vitamins don't act as sources of energy or building materials but rather facilitate these nutrients' utilization by the body. Vitamins are predominantly coenzymes, assisting enzymes in specific chemical actions, like the oxidation of glucose for energy involving B vitamins. Most vitamins are not produced...
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Electrolytes are essential minerals and ions primarily obtained from the diet and absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract. Most electrolytes are absorbed in the small intestine. While the absorption of iron and calcium primarily occurs in the duodenum, calcium is also absorbed in the jejunum and ileum. In these regions, passive diffusion contributes to its absorption alongside active transport mechanisms in the duodenum. These ions can exit the enterocytes through specialized active...
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Bioavailability: Overview01:17

Bioavailability: Overview

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Bioavailability refers to the proportion of an administered drug that reaches the systemic circulation in its active, unaltered form. It is a crucial pharmacokinetic parameter that determines the effectiveness of a drug in achieving its intended therapeutic outcomes. The route of administration significantly influences bioavailability, with intravenous administration achieving 100% bioavailability as the drug directly enters the bloodstream. In contrast, oral administration often results in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

A Rapid and Specific Microplate Assay for the Determination of Intra- and Extracellular Ascorbate in Cultured Cells
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A Rapid and Specific Microplate Assay for the Determination of Intra- and Extracellular Ascorbate in Cultured Cells

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An evidence-based update on vitamins.

K Kelly Orr1, Anne L Hume

  • 1College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston 02881, USA. KellyO@etal.uri.edu

Medicine and Health, Rhode Island
|May 22, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Many American adults use vitamin supplements with little proof they prevent chronic diseases like cancer. While some vitamins like D and folic acid may be beneficial, others require medical guidance to avoid potential harm.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 6, 2026

A Rapid and Specific Microplate Assay for the Determination of Intra- and Extracellular Ascorbate in Cultured Cells
11:56

A Rapid and Specific Microplate Assay for the Determination of Intra- and Extracellular Ascorbate in Cultured Cells

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Area of Science:

  • Nutrition Science
  • Public Health
  • Preventive Medicine

Background:

  • Many American adults consume various vitamin supplements.
  • Evidence supporting the efficacy of most supplements in preventing chronic diseases is limited.
  • Potential risks exist from excessive vitamin intake, especially from multiple sources.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the evidence for vitamin supplement efficacy in chronic disease prevention.
  • To identify specific vitamins that may be appropriate for self-care versus those needing medical supervision.
  • To highlight the lack of evidence for vitamin supplementation beyond treating deficiencies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing scientific literature on vitamin supplement use and chronic disease prevention.
  • Analysis of data regarding the composition and potential health effects of common supplements.
  • Assessment of guidelines for specific vitamin supplementation (e.g., vitamin D, folic acid, niacin).

Main Results:

  • Limited evidence supports the use of most vitamin supplements for preventing cardiovascular disease and cancer.
  • Excessive intake from multiple supplement sources can pose health risks.
  • While vitamin D and folic acid may be suitable for self-care, others like niacin warrant professional monitoring for disease prevention.

Conclusions:

  • Vitamin supplementation beyond addressing deficiencies lacks robust scientific evidence for disease prevention.
  • Self-care with certain vitamins (e.g., D, folic acid) is acceptable, but medical consultation is advised for others.
  • Further research is needed to establish the clinical benefits and risks of widespread vitamin supplementation.