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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images
04:23

A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images

Published on: April 21, 2023

Incidental thyroid abnormalities identified on neck US for non-thyroid disorders.

Shivaram Avula1, Alan Daneman, Oscar M Navarro

  • 1Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.

Pediatric Radiology
|May 22, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Incidental thyroid abnormalities are common in pediatric ultrasound exams, with findings like cysts and ectopic thymus. These require cautious interpretation to avoid unnecessary investigations.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Radiology
  • Endocrinology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Incidental thyroid abnormalities on ultrasound (US) in children are not well-documented.
  • Understanding these findings is crucial for accurate diagnosis and management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the prevalence of incidental thyroid abnormalities on US in children.
  • To describe the various appearances of these abnormalities.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of clinical and US findings.
  • Inclusion of children who underwent neck US between January 2006 and December 2007.

Main Results:

  • Out of 1,228 neck US exams, 287 children had their thyroids depicted.
  • Incidental thyroid abnormalities were found in 18% (52/287) of children.
  • Common findings included small cysts and intrathyroid ectopic thymus; no thyroid dysfunction or malignancy was observed.

Conclusions:

  • A spectrum of incidental thyroid abnormalities exists in children.
  • US findings should be interpreted cautiously to prevent unnecessary referrals.
  • Intrathyroid ectopic thymus is more common than previously thought, particularly in younger boys.