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Related Concept Videos

Hypersensitivities01:30

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...
Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial exposure to a...
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum sickness, a systemic...
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions01:01

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions

Type II hypersensitivity involves IgG and IgM antibodies targeting cell surface antigens, leading to cell destruction. This can occur through complement activation, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), or acting as opsonins for phagocytosis. When excessive, these reactions cause significant tissue damage.Drug-induced hemolytic anemia is a common example, where drugs like penicillin or cephalosporins bind to red blood cells, forming drug-protein complexes. These complexes...
Allergic Drug Reactions01:27

Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing numerous...
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions01:29

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), or Type IV hypersensitivity, is a cell-mediated immune response. It occurs when T cells, rather than antibodies, mediate a reaction to specific antigens. It is characterized by a delayed onset (1-2 days) and involves the recruitment of macrophages to the inflammation site.The initiation of a DTH response begins with the sensitization of T cells. During this phase, which lasts at least 1-2 weeks, antigen-specific T cells are activated, clonally expanded, and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Humanized Mediator Release Assay as a Read-Out for Allergen Potency
10:22

Humanized Mediator Release Assay as a Read-Out for Allergen Potency

Published on: June 29, 2021

Hypersensitivity reactions to corticosteroids.

Maria J Torres1, Gabriela Canto

  • 1Allergy Service, Carlos Haya Hospital, Malaga, Spain. mjtorresj@gmail.com

Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology
|May 27, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hypersensitivity reactions to corticosteroids, including skin rashes, involve both immunoglobulin E (IgE) and T-cell responses. Diagnostic tests like skin and provocation tests aid in identifying these corticosteroid allergy reactions.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Dermatology
  • Allergy

Background:

  • Corticosteroid hypersensitivity reactions are increasingly recognized.
  • While topical reactions are well-documented, systemic reactions are less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To detail clinical presentations, mechanisms, and diagnostics of corticosteroid hypersensitivity.
  • To highlight recent findings on systemic corticosteroid reactions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature and recent data.
  • Analysis of diagnostic approaches including patch testing, lymphocyte transformation tests, skin biopsies, and in-vitro assays.
  • Evaluation of immunoglobulin E (IgE) and T-cell involvement.

Main Results:

  • Cutaneous reactions to topical corticosteroids are common, diagnosed via patch testing.
  • New evidence shows T-cell involvement in maculopapular exanthema from inhaled corticosteroids (budesonide).
  • T-cell and IgE responses are implicated in systemic corticosteroid-induced urticaria and maculopapular exanthema.

Conclusions:

  • Generalized skin symptoms from corticosteroids involve both IgE and T-cell mediated mechanisms.
  • Skin testing, in-vitro assays, and drug provocation tests are crucial for diagnosis.