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Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Published on: December 6, 2016
[Sleep-disordered breathing in long-term opioid therapy]
U Koehler1, M Augsten, W Cassel
1Klinik für Innere Medizin, Schwerpunkt Pneumologie, Intensiv- und Schlafmedizin, Philipps-Universität Marburg. koehleru@staff.uni-marburg.de
Abstract:
Chronic opioid use has been known to cause disturbed sleep as well as excessive daytime sleepiness. During induction and maintenance of opioid use there is a reduction of REM- and slow wave sleep. Central sleep apnea (CSA) has been reported in about 30 % of patients with chronic opioid use. Ataxic breathing and CSA are more prominent in NREM- than REM-sleep. CSA does not seem the sole cause of excessive daytime sleepiness in these patients. Further studies are necessary regarding the effects and consequences of chronic opioid use during sleep.
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