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Related Concept Videos

Responses to Heat and Cold Stress02:45

Responses to Heat and Cold Stress

Every organism has an optimum temperature range within which healthy growth and physiological functioning can occur. At the ends of this range, there will be a minimum and maximum temperature that interrupt biological processes.
Responses to Drought and Flooding02:41

Responses to Drought and Flooding

Water plays a significant role in the life cycle of plants. However, insufficient or excess of water can be detrimental and pose a serious threat to plants.
Biological Clocks and Seasonal Responses02:45

Biological Clocks and Seasonal Responses

The circadian—or biological—clock is an intrinsic, timekeeping, molecular mechanism that allows plants to coordinate physiological activities over 24-hour cycles called circadian rhythms. Photoperiodism is a collective term for the biological responses of plants to variations in the relative lengths of dark and light periods. The period of light-exposure is called the photoperiod.
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Morphogenesis

Plant morphogenesis—the development of a plant’s form and structure—involves several overlapping developmental processes, including growth and cell differentiation. Precursor cells differentiate into specific cell types, which are organized into the tissues and organ systems that make up the functional plant.
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Regulation of Transpiration by Stomata

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Responses to Salt Stress02:02

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Forced Flowering in Mandarin Trees under Phytotron Conditions
08:42

Forced Flowering in Mandarin Trees under Phytotron Conditions

Published on: March 6, 2019

Stress-induced flowering.

Kaede C Wada1, Kiyotoshi Takeno

  • 1Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Ikarashi, Niigata, Japan.

Plant Signaling & Behavior
|May 28, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Stress can induce flowering in short-day plants like Pharbitis nil through a transmissible stimulus. Salicylic acid and the PnFT2 gene are involved in this stress-induced flowering process.

Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Stress Physiology

Background:

  • Many plant species exhibit stress-induced flowering.
  • Short-day plants Pharbitis nil and Perilla frutescens var. crispa flower under long days when subjected to nutritional or light stress.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanisms underlying stress-induced flowering in Pharbitis nil and Perilla frutescens.
  • To identify key molecular players and signaling pathways involved in this phenomenon.

Main Methods:

  • Grafting experiments were performed using two varieties of P. nil to assess the transmissibility of a flowering stimulus.
  • Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase inhibitors and salicylic acid (SA) were used to explore the role of SA in stress-induced flowering.
  • Gene expression analysis was conducted to examine the involvement of PnFT1 and PnFT2, orthologs of Arabidopsis thaliana's FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) gene.

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Main Results:

  • Grafting experiments confirmed a transmissible flowering stimulus in P. nil.
  • Stress-induced flowering led to successful anthesis, fruiting, and seed production, with normal progeny development.
  • Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase inhibitors blocked stress-induced flowering, an effect reversed by salicylic acid.
  • PnFT2 gene expression was induced under poor-nutrition stress, while PnFT1 expression was not.

Conclusions:

  • A transmissible flowering stimulus is involved in stress-induced flowering.
  • Salicylic acid plays a role in the stress-induced flowering pathway.
  • The PnFT2 gene is implicated in mediating flowering response to poor-nutrition stress in P. nil.