A simple template-free approach to TiO2 hollow spheres with enhanced photocatalytic activity

Mesporous anatase-phase TiO(2) hollow spheres with high photocatalytic activity were prepared by hydrothermal treatment and self-transformation of amorphous TiO(2) solid spheres in an NH(4)F aqueous solution. The prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, N(2) adsorption-desorption isotherms and UV-vis absorption spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activity was evaluated by photocatalytic oxidation decomposition of acetone in air under UV irradiation. It is found that F(-) plays an essential role in the formation of TiO(2) hollow spheres. F(-) not only induces the hollowing of TiO(2) solid spheres, but also promotes the crystallization of anatase TiO(2) nanocrystals. A possible formation mechanism for the TiO(2) hollow spheres by localized Ostwald ripening or chemically induced self-transformation is proposed based on the experimental observations. Furthermore, the molar ratios of NH(4)F to TiO(2) (R) exhibit a significant influence on the morphology and photocatalytic activity of the TiO(2) samples. The photocatalytic activity of the samples prepared in the presence of NH(4)F is higher than that of TiO(2) sample prepared in pure water and commercial Degussa P25 (P25) powders. Especially, the TiO(2) hollow spheres prepared at R = 1 show the highest photocatalytic activity and the specific rate constant S(k) exceeds that of P25 by a factor of more than two.