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Related Concept Videos

Toxoplasmosis01:28

Toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasmosis, a zoonotic disease caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, poses significant public health challenges globally due to its high seroprevalence and varied clinical manifestations. As an obligate intracellular parasite, T. gondii can infect all warm-blooded vertebrates, but felids are its only definitive hosts, shedding unsporulated oocysts into the environment. Humans typically acquire the infection through ingestion of tissue cysts in undercooked meat or oocysts from...
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Bacterial Phylum Spirochaetes

Spirochetes, unique bacteria in the phylum Spirochaetes, are gram-negative, motile, tightly coiled, slender, and flexible. They inhabit aquatic sediments and animals, with some causing diseases like syphilis. Spirochetes are classified into eight genera based on habitat, pathogenicity, phylogeny, and characteristics.Their distinctive motility arises from endoflagella, located within the cell’s periplasm. These endoflagella anchor at the cell poles and extend along the cell length, encased by a...
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Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...
Chronic Pharyngitis01:23

Chronic Pharyngitis

Chronic pharyngitis refers to persistent inflammation of the pharyngial mucosa.
Etiology
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Chronic inflammation is a prolonged, dysregulated immune response that persists for weeks to years when the inciting stimulus is difficult to eradicate or when self‑antigens drive ongoing reactivity. Morphologically, it is defined by mononuclear cell infiltration, progressive tissue destruction, and concurrent attempts at healing via angiogenesis and fibrosis. Compared with acute inflammation, edema is less prominent while cellular infiltration predominates; triggers include persistent...
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Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Detecting the Lyme Disease Spirochete, Borrelia Burgdorferi, in Ticks Using Nested PCR
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Published on: February 4, 2018

Proof that chronic lyme disease exists.

Daniel J Cameron1

  • 1Department of Medicine, Northern Westchester Hospital, Mt. Kisco, NY 10549, USA.

Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases
|May 29, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Chronic Lyme Disease (CLD) is a validated condition requiring medical attention. Recognizing CLD can improve diagnosis and treatment, leading to better patient outcomes and societal benefits.

Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Rheumatology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Mounting evidence supports the existence and severity of Chronic Lyme Disease (CLD).
  • Four National Institutes of Health (NIH) trials have validated CLD, yet some physicians remain skeptical.
  • Diagnostic delays and prolonged illness durations (4.7-9 years) are significant issues in current Lyme disease management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To advocate for the medical community's recognition and acceptance of CLD.
  • To highlight the societal risks of untreated CLD and antibiotic resistance.
  • To explore potential avenues for improved CLD diagnosis and treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing NIH trial data on CLD.
  • Analysis of diagnostic delays and treatment outcomes.

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  • Consideration of societal risks versus benefits of CLD treatment.
  • Main Results:

    • NIH trials confirm the existence and severity of CLD.
    • Delayed diagnosis contributes to prolonged illness and poor quality of life.
    • Societal risks of antibiotic resistance must be balanced against risks of undertreating CLD.

    Conclusions:

    • Acceptance of CLD by the medical community is crucial for finding solutions.
    • Innovative early treatments and improved diagnostic strategies may prevent CLD.
    • Development of effective treatment regimens for prolonged CLD is essential for improving patient outcomes.