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Related Concept Videos

Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Rabies01:28

Rabies

Rabies is a lethal zoonotic disease caused by a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus of the Lyssavirus genus, within the family Rhabdoviridae. Its primary mode of transmission to humans is through bites or saliva-contaminated scratches from infected mammals such as dogs, bats, raccoons, or foxes. Transmission can also occur if infectious saliva contacts abraded skin or intact mucous membranes, including the conjunctiva.Viral Entry and Early ReplicationOnce introduced at the bite or scratch...
Yellow Fever01:18

Yellow Fever

Yellow fever is a viral hemorrhagic disease caused by the yellow fever virus (YFV), a member of the Flaviviridae family. It is transmitted primarily by Aedes and Haemagogus mosquitoes in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and South America. After transmission through a mosquito bite, the virus initially replicates in skin-resident immune cells such as dendritic cells and macrophages. These cells then migrate to the lymph nodes, where viral replication increases, eventually leading to...
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever01:26

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) is a severe tick-borne illness caused by Rickettsia rickettsii, a Gram-negative, coccobacillary bacterium. This pathogen is an obligate intracellular parasite, requiring a host cell for replication. Transmission occurs through the bite of an infected tick. In the United States, the most important vectors are Dermacentor variabilis (American dog tick) and Dermacentor andersoni (Rocky Mountain wood tick), though other tick species may also serve as vectors.
Poliomyelitis01:17

Poliomyelitis

Poliomyelitis is caused by poliovirus, a small, non-enveloped, positive-sense RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family and Enterovirus genus. Transmission occurs primarily via the fecal-oral route, often through ingestion of contaminated water or food. The virus initially replicates in the oropharynx and intestinal mucosa, particularly in lymphoid tissues such as the tonsils, Peyer’s patches, and regional lymph nodes. Primary viremia follows, allowing dissemination throughout the body.In most...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Detection of Infectious Virus from Field-collected Mosquitoes by Vero Cell Culture Assay
07:23

Detection of Infectious Virus from Field-collected Mosquitoes by Vero Cell Culture Assay

Published on: June 9, 2011

West Nile virus.

Shannan L Rossi1, Ted M Ross, Jared D Evans

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.

Clinics in Laboratory Medicine
|June 2, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

West Nile virus (WNV) has emerged as a significant public health concern, causing severe illness in humans and animals. This review covers WNV

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In Vitro Analysis of Myd88-mediated Cellular Immune Response to West Nile Virus Mutant Strain Infection

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Mosquito-Associated Virus Isolation from Field-Collected Mosquitoes
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Mosquito-Associated Virus Isolation from Field-Collected Mosquitoes

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Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Detection of Infectious Virus from Field-collected Mosquitoes by Vero Cell Culture Assay
07:23

Detection of Infectious Virus from Field-collected Mosquitoes by Vero Cell Culture Assay

Published on: June 9, 2011

In Vitro Analysis of Myd88-mediated Cellular Immune Response to West Nile Virus Mutant Strain Infection
10:39

In Vitro Analysis of Myd88-mediated Cellular Immune Response to West Nile Virus Mutant Strain Infection

Published on: November 27, 2014

Mosquito-Associated Virus Isolation from Field-Collected Mosquitoes
06:41

Mosquito-Associated Virus Isolation from Field-Collected Mosquitoes

Published on: August 31, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Virology and Epidemiology

Background:

  • West Nile virus (WNV) causes significant morbidity and mortality in birds, horses, and humans globally.
  • Historically, WNV epidemics were confined to specific regions, causing mild human illness, but increased virulence and North American spread occurred in the late 1990s.
  • Human WNV infections range from asymptomatic to severe neurological disease (encephalitis/paralysis) and death.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current literature on West Nile virus (WNV).
  • To summarize molecular virology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, immunology, and protective measures for WNV infections in humans.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive review of existing scientific literature on West Nile virus.

Main Results:

  • WNV exhibits a wide spectrum of clinical presentations in humans, from asymptomatic to fatal neurological disease.
  • No FDA-licensed vaccine is available for human use; supportive care is the recommended treatment, often with a prolonged recovery period.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding WNV's multifaceted aspects is crucial for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies.
  • Further research into WNV pathogenesis, immunology, and protective measures is warranted to mitigate its public health impact.