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Disorders of Leukocytes

Disorders of Leukocytes

Leukocyte disorders can lead to either leukopenia, characterized by an abnormally low leukocyte count, or leukocytosis, marked by a very high leukocyte number.
Leukopenia may result from bone marrow disorders, autoimmune diseases, and infectious diseases. For example, conditions such as multiple myeloma and aplastic anemia can impair the bone marrow's ability to produce adequate leukocytes. Similarly, autoimmune diseases like lupus and viral infections such as HIV can prompt the immune system...

Hypoxia

Hypoxia

Hypoxia is a medical condition characterized by an inadequate oxygen supply to body tissues. It typically manifests as a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucosae, especially in fair-skinned individuals, when hemoglobin (Hb) saturation drops below 75%.
Types of Hypoxia
There are four primary types of hypoxia, each resulting from a different cause:
1. Anemic hypoxia: This type occurs due to insufficient oxygen delivery caused by a lack of red blood cells (RBCs) or RBCs with abnormal or...

Acute Respiratory Failure-II

Acute Respiratory Failure-II

Type I Respiratory Failure, or hypoxemic respiratory failure, occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood falls below 60 mmHg while breathing room air without a corresponding increase in arterial carbon dioxide levels (PaCO2). This condition highlights a significant impairment in the lungs' capacity to oxygenate the blood.
The underlying physiological abnormalities that contribute to hypoxemic respiratory failure include:

Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology

Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of pneumonia involves the following steps:

Structure and Function of Leukocytes

Structure and Function of Leukocytes

An adult in good health typically has between 4,500 and 11,000 leukocytes, or white blood cells, per microliter of blood, which constitutes about 1% of the total blood volume. Unlike red blood cells, white blood cells contain a nucleus and other cellular organelles but do not have hemoglobin. Most white blood cells reside in connective tissues, particularly in lymphatic organs such as the lymph nodes, with only a small fraction present in circulating blood.
White blood cells protect the body...

Disorders of Erythrocytes

Disorders of Erythrocytes

Disorders of erythrocytes, or red blood cells (RBCs), include a range of conditions affecting their number, shape, or function.
Erythrocyte disorders can be broadly categorized into two main types: anemic and polycythemic conditions.
A low oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood due to the loss, lower production, or destruction of erythrocytes is termed anemia. Hemorrhagic anemia, for example, occurs when bleeding from an external wound or internal ulcer reduces erythrocyte counts.
On the other...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Assessment of the Metabolic Profile of Primary Leukemia Cells

Published on: November 21, 2018

Leukocytotic pseudohypoxaemia.

M Ben-Meir¹, J Tibballs

¹Intensive Care Unit, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Anaesthesia and Intensive Care

|June 3, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Hypoxemia, a condition of low oxygen, was found to be a pseudo-condition in a patient. This was due to delays in blood sample analysis and a lower white blood cell count, not lung disease.

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Area of Science:

Clinical Medicine
Pathophysiology
Laboratory Diagnostics

Background:

Hypoxemia is a critical indicator of respiratory and circulatory function.
Accurate assessment of hypoxemia is vital for patient management.
Pre-analytical variables can significantly impact blood gas results.

Observation:

A patient presented with clinical signs suggestive of hypoxemia.
Initial investigations ruled out common causes of hypoxemia, such as lung disease.
Further analysis revealed discrepancies in blood gas measurements.

Findings:

The observed hypoxemia was determined to be a pseudo-condition.
Delayed analysis of blood gas samples contributed to the inaccurate readings.
A reduced white blood cell count also influenced the measured oxygen levels.

Implications:

Highlights the importance of timely blood sample analysis in diagnosing hypoxemia.
Underscores the potential impact of pre-analytical factors on diagnostic accuracy.
Suggests considering sample handling and patient's white cell count in hypoxemia assessment.