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Related Concept Videos

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into rapid-acting...
Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are co-secreted in...
Insulin Secretory Vesicles01:05

Insulin Secretory Vesicles

Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
12:08

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

Insulin pumps in young children.

Kimberly Fuld1, Barry Conrad, Bruce Buckingham

  • 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5208, USA. kfuld@stanford.edu

Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics
|June 3, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Insulin pump therapy (CSII) offers benefits for toddlers with diabetes, though challenges exist. The choice between insulin pumps and daily injections (MDI) depends on individual patient and family needs, guided by a diabetes team.

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Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Endocrinology
  • Diabetes Management

Background:

  • Insulin infusion pump therapy has advanced significantly.
  • Managing diabetes in toddlers presents unique challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review non-randomized and randomized controlled trials comparing CSII and MDI in toddlers.
  • To discuss the advantages and disadvantages of both treatment modalities for this age group.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of non-randomized and randomized controlled trials.
  • Comparison of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) and multiple daily injections (MDI) in pediatric populations.

Main Results:

  • Both CSII and MDI have distinct benefits and drawbacks for managing type 1 diabetes in toddlers.
  • Evidence from trials highlights specific considerations for each method.

Conclusions:

  • The decision for CSII in toddlers with diabetes should be individualized.
  • Collaboration between the diabetes care team, patient, and family is crucial for optimal treatment selection.